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Endocrine system > Anatomy pre-practical > Flashcards

Anatomy pre-practical Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the pituitary gland weigh?

A

0.5g

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2
Q

In what part of which bone is the pituitary gland found?

A

Hypophysial fossa in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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3
Q

What dural fold envelops the pituitary gland?

A

diaphragma sellae

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4
Q

What can happen following an enlarged pituitary gland?

A

Due to its proximity to the optic chiasma, it can cause bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

What is another name of the anterior pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

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6
Q

What is another name of the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

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7
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is bigger?

A

Anterior pituitary lobe

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8
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Infundibulum a.k.a. the pituitary stalk

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9
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland stains darker with H&E staining?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What are the three cell types of the anterior pituitary lobe, and how do they stain differently?

A

o Acidophilic – stains pink
o Basophilic – stains light purple
o Chromophobic – do not take up stain, appear pale

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11
Q

What artery supplies the anterior pituitary?

A

The superior hypophysial artery enters into the substance of the hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries to form the hypophysial portal system, which supplies the anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

Whats the name of the portal system that supplies the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophysial portal system

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13
Q

What artery supplies the posterior pituitary?

A

The inferior hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

Between what vertebral levels is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5-T1

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15
Q

Where is the thyroid gland in relation to the pharynx?

A

Thyroid is inferior to the larynx

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16
Q

Where is the thyroid gland in relation to the trachea?

A

Thyroid is anterior to the trachea

17
Q

Between what tracheal rings is the isthmus of the thyroid gland found?

A

The isthmus lies opposite the 2nd to 4th tracheal ring

18
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the thyroid gland and their sources

A
  • Superior thyroid artery – 1st branch of ECA

* Inferior thyroid artery – branch of subclavian artery

19
Q

Describe the veins of the thyroid gland and what they drain into

A
  • Superior - drains into IJV
  • Middle - drains into IJV
  • Inferior - drains into Brachiocephalic
20
Q

What 3 strap muscles overlie the thyroid gland?

A

o Sternohyoid
o Omohyoid (anterior belly)
o Sternothyroid

21
Q

What is the external laryngeal nerve a branch of?

A

Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

22
Q

What two nerves run close to the thyroid arteries?

A

External laryngeal nerve - near superior thyroid artery

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - near inferior thyroid artery

23
Q

What happens if the external laryngeal nerve (branch of the superior laryngeal nerve) becomes damages?

A

Hoarseness, inability to produce high-pitched voices

24
Q

What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve becomes damages?

A

Hoarseness (if U/L) and if B/L aphonia (inability to speak) and breathing difficulties

25
Q

What type of hormones are released from the thyroid gland?

A

Peptide hormones

26
Q

What cells in the thyroid gland produced calcitonin?

A

Clear parafillicular C cells secrete calcitonin

27
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A 
o	Triiodothyronine (T3)
o	Thyroxine (T4) a.k.a thyroid hormone
o	Calcitonin
28
Q

How are the adrenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

29
Q

What are the two components of the adrenal glands?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

30
Q

What does the cortex arise from, and what does it secrete?

A

Outer cortex – arises from mesodermal epithelium, secretes steroid hormones

31
Q

What does the medulla arise from, and what does it secrete?

A

Inner medulla – arises from neuroectoderm, secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin from large ovoid chromaffin cells

32
Q

What are the three zones of the medulla and what do they each produce?

A

Outer thin zona glomerulosa – secretes mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone

Middle thick zona fasciculata – secretes glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol, corticosterone

Inner zona reticularis – secretes androgens e.g. sex hormones

33
Q

Describe the three pairs of adrenal arteries and from where they arise from

A

o Superior - from inferior phrenic
o Middle - directly from aorta
o Inferior - from renal arteries

34
Q

Describe the two adrenal veins and from where they drain into

A

o Right suprarenal vein – drains into IVC

o Left suprarenal vein - drains into L renal vein

35
Q

How is the pancreas peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

36
Q

What are the 4 types of endocrine cells in the pancreas and what do they produce?

A

o Alpha cells - glucagon
o Beta - insulin
o Delta - somatostatin
o F cells – pancreatic polypeptide

Endocrine system (27 decks)

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