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USMLE Step 1 practice exam flashcards > UWorld I > Flashcards

UWorld I Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates lead to injury to alveolar pneumocystis and endothelial damage - hyaline membranes form, diminished surfactant production (alveolar collapse), and increased capillary permeability

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2
Q

Cardiac tissue conduction velocity

A

Fast - Purkinje –> Atrial muscle –> Ventricular muscle –> AV node - Slow. Park at venture avenue

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3
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

A/w pager’s disease of bone

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4
Q

Vitamin A (retinol)

A

Teratogenic - microcephaly, cardiac anomalies, growth retardation, and spontaneous abortion.

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5
Q

Ribavirin

A

Inhibits viral RNA polymerase - chronic Hep C or RSV

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6
Q

DNA laddering

A

DNA fragments of 180 BP = apoptosis. Endonuclease cleave DNA during karryhorexhis. Absence of BCL-2 = inhibited apoptosis. No DNA laddering suggests malignancy.

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7
Q

M3 receptors

A

Stimulates Gq in bronchial smooth muscle –> IP3 –> increased intracellular Ca2+ –> Bronchoconstriction

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8
Q

Atropine

A

Cholinergic antagonist - Over dose –> Hot as a hare, mad as a hatter, blind as a bat, red as a beet, dry as a bone

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9
Q

Cholinergic toxicity

A

DUMBELLS - Diarrhea, urination, mitosis, bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, lethargy, salivation

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10
Q

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

A

Auer rods
(15:17) translocation
15 = promyelocytic leukemia gene.
17 = retinoic acid receptor.

Sx: Pancytopenia (weakness, fatigue, infections, gingival bleeding) and DIC

Tx: All trans-retinoid acid

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11
Q

(8:14)

A

Burkitt lymphoma - Starry sky + EBV
8 = c-myc
14 = Ig Heavy chain

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12
Q

(12:21)

A

Childhood B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphoblasts

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13
Q

(14:18)

A

Follicular lymphoma
14 = Ig heavy chain
18 = BCL-2 (inhibits apoptosis)

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14
Q

IL-2

A

Produced only by T cells

Stimulates growth and differentiation of B cells, T cells, macrophages, and NK cells.

Can promote FAS mediated apoptosis

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15
Q

TNF-alpha

A

Systemic inflammatory response - e.g. septic shock and cachexia

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16
Q

Interferon-alpha

A

antiviral

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17
Q

Cadherins

A

Bind epithelial cells together, calcium dependent - loss of calcium –> loss of cell-cell adhesion

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18
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

Caused by Poxvirus

Eosinpohillic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

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19
Q

Anterior/posterior knee dislocation

A

Injury to popliteal artery

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20
Q

Postpartum endometritis

A

A/w C-section

fever, leukocytosis, uterine tenderness, foul-smelling discharge.

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21
Q

NNT

A

NNT=1/ARR

ARR = control group event rate - experimental group event rate

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22
Q

DKA

A

Metabolic acidosis, ketonemia, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia.

Everything high EXCEPT sodium - being peed out

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23
Q

Dandy walker formation

A

Absence of cerebellar vermis - 4th ventricle enlargement

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24
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Prior to pheochromocytoma removal

Long active alpha-blocker

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25
Isoproteronol
Non-selective beta-agonist (increases beta-1 effects on heart --> increase HR) used for bradycardia and heart block
26
Phenylephrine
Alpha agonist - decongestant and vasopressor in severe hypotension
27
Germinal matrix hemmorrhage
Intraventricular hemorrhage - premature infants less than 32 weeks at greatest risk
28
Cisplatin
Ototoxic
29
Amiodarone
Interstitial pneumonitis slowly progressive dyspnea and productive cough
30
Aspirin sensitivity
Cox blockade --> increased leukotrienes and bronchoconstriction. Leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory
31
Allelic heterogeneity
different mutations in the same locus cause similar phenotypes
32
Leukotriene D4
Bronchial asthma pathogenesis - induces bronchospasm and increases bronchial mucus secretion. Monteleukast is a D4 antagonist
33
FGFR3 gain of function
achondroplasia
34
Bruton tyrosine kinase
x-linked agammaglobulinemia - on X-chromosome B cells can't leave marrow, no Ab's produced. Recurrent respiratory tract bacterial infections in infants. Normal T cells, absent B cells (less that 1% CD19 or CD20)
35
Chromosome 7
CF, ehlers-danlos, osteogenesis imperfecta
36
Chromosome 16
polycystic kidney disease, tuberous sclerosis
37
Chromosome 20
Maturity onset diabetes of the young
38
Chromosome 22
DiGeorge
39
N-terminal peptide sequence
signals protein for Rough ER Deficiency results in cytosolic protein accumulation
40
MSUD
Defect in branched chain alpha keto acid dehydrogenase Branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) accumulate in urine and blood --> CNS toxicity and maple syrup smelling urine. Sx: Poor feeding and vomitting Tx: restrict branched chain amino acids in diet (leucine, isoleucine, valine). Supplement diet w/ thiamine (B1)
41
Biotin
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes - e.g. acetyl coA decarboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase.
42
Androgen binding protein
Keeps testosterone level high in seminiferous tubules. secreted by sertoli cells in response to elevated FSH. Normal plasma levels of testosterone indicate that Lydia cells are working, low testosterone ONLY in seminiferous tubules indicates sertoli cell (ABP) dysfunction.
43
phentolamine
alpha-1 blocker
44
PAS positive granules
Whipple's disease
45
Crypt abscesses + pseudopolyps
Ulcerative colitis
46
Cobblestone mucosa + transmural inflammation
Crohn's
47
Ischemic colitis
Evidence of CAD or PAS (e.g. decreased peripheral pulses or h/o angina) Mucosal hemorrhage and patchy necrosis
48
Early onset OA + thin sclerae
Osteogenesis imperfecta Defect in Type I collagen
49
Protooncogenes
RAS - GTP binding protein - cholangiocarcinom and pancreatic adenocarcinoma MYC - Transcription factor - Burkitt lymphoma (8:14) ERB/EGFR - Receptor tyrosine kinase - lung adenocarcinoma ERBB2/HER2 - Receptor tyrosine kinase - breast ABL - non receptor tyrosine kinase - CML (9:22 BCR;ABL) BRAF - Ras signal transduction - Hairy cell, melanoma
50
Tumor suppressor genes
BRCA - DNA repair APC - WNT signaling - FAP/colon cancer TP53 - Genome stability - most cancer, li-fraumeni RB - G1-->S inhibitor - retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma WT1 - urogenital differentiation - wilms tumor VHL - Ubiquitin ligase component - RCC, VHL syndrome
51
Ocreotide
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome. A somatostatin analog that reduces the secretion of bioactive peptides.
52
Wide split fixed S2
ASD
53
Achalasia
Absence of esophageal peristalsis in distal esophagus and hypertensive LES that can't relax. Results in dilated esophagus with distal narrowing
54
Picornaviridae
(+) ssRNA Enteroviruses - most common cause of viral meningitis
55
Paramyxoviruses
(-) ssRNA Measles, mumps, RSV
56
Coronavirus
(+) ssRNA Common cold
57
Calcivirus
(+) ssRNA Norovirus - gastroenteritis
58
Arenavirus
(-) ssRNA Lassa virus - hemmorrhagic fever virus from rodent urine inhalation
59
Prader-will/angelman
Prader will - maternal uniparental disomy OR loss of parental gene. LOSS of paternal Angelman - Paternal uniparentla disomy OR maternal loss of gene. LOSS of maternal
60
Callous
Thickening of stratum corneum - outermost layer
61
Fabry
X-linked recessive Deficient: alpha-galactosidase Clinical presentation: angiokeratomas, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulopathy
62
Tay-sachs
AR Deficient in beta-hexosaminidase A Macular cherry red spot, progressive neurodegeneration
63
Gaucher
AR - Most common lysosomal storage disorder beta-glucocerebrosidase Hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, bon pain/osteopenia
64
Niemann-pick
AR Sphingomyelinase deficient Macular cherry red spot, progressive neurodegeneration, heptaosplenomegaly (differentiates neumann pick from tay-sakcs, hexosaminidase deficiency w/o HSM)
65
Krabbe
AR galactocerebrosidase deficient Progressive neurodegeneration, peripheral neuropathy, optic atrophy
66
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
AR Arylsulfatase A Progressive neurodegeneration, peripheral neuropathy
67
FSGS
Nephrotic syndrome, most common. Often caused by HIV
68
Vitamin D supplementation
Increases intestinal absorption of phosphate and calcium, the rise in serum calcium inhibits PTH

USMLE Step 1 practice exam flashcards (16 decks)

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