Exam 1 - Porifera

Question 1

What does Porifera mean?

Answer 1

pore-bearing

Question 2

Are Porifera symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Answer 2

asymmetrical

Question 3

Are Porifera classified as plants or animals?

Answer 3

now classified as animals, but used to be classified as plants.

Question 4

True or false: Porifera are the longest surviving animals on Earth.

Answer 4

True.

Question 5

Cellular structure

Answer 5

no organs or tissues, but they do have different layers of tissues.

Question 6

Where are Porifera found?

Answer 6

mostly marine with one family of freshwater, wide range of depths because no need for sunlight, and they are sessile.

Question 7

What is the atrium/spongocoel of a Porifera?

Answer 7

the internal cavity.

Question 8

How do Porifera pump water?

Answer 8

drawn in through porocytes in the body wall and then pumps it back out through the osculum.

Question 9

What are choanocytes?

Answer 9

cells with flagella that cause the water flow and trap food particles that are suspended in the water.

Question 10

What are amebocytes?

Answer 10

cells that move through the body with different functions.

Question 11

How do Porifera exchange gases, remove wastes, and release gametes?

Answer 11

through the water flow.

Question 12

What are archaeocytes?

Answer 12

amoeboid cells that phagocytize food particles and form other cells that produce spicules and gametes.

Question 13

What is the mesohyl?

Answer 13

found in the gelatinous layer in the middle of the sponge and contains skeleton composed of spicules.

Question 14

What is the function of spicules?

Answer 14

support and protection.

Question 15

How are sponges classified?

Answer 15

by type of spicules and complexity of ell arrangement.

Question 16

How do sponges reproduce?

Answer 16

asexually: fragmenting/budding
sexually: sperm leaves through osculum and enters another sponge through water currents. Fertilized eggs develop into ciliated, free-swimming larvae.

Question 17

What are asconoid sponges?

Answer 17

simple vase-like structure with limitations on size.

Question 18

What are synconoid sponges?

Answer 18

choanocyte layer is folded, single osculum, complex body wall, and can increase in size.

Question 19

How do synconoid sponges get water to the spongocoel?

Answer 19

water is received through incurrent canals, then goes to radial canals, then to the spongocoel.

Question 20

What are leuconoid sponges?

Answer 20

no atrium, several chambers with choanocytes, series of incurrent canals leading to chambers, water exits through excurrent canals, and significant increase in surface area.

Question 21

What is class calcarea?

Answer 21

spicules composed of calcium carbonate, greatest diversity in tropics, primarily in shallow waters.

Question 22

What is class hexactinellida?

Answer 22

glass sponges, siliceous spicules, early branch within Porifera.

Question 23

What is class demospongidae?

Answer 23

> 90% of known species are in this class, composed of spongin fibers and/or siliceous spicules, all members are leuconoids.

Question 24

What happened in Tarpon Springs, FL?

Answer 24

was sponge capital competing with Greece until a red tide outbreak in 1946 wiped out sponge beds. When the synthetic sponge was introduced, it virtually eliminated the FL sponging industry.

Question 25

What is the sponge impact on pharmaceuticals?

Answer 25

remarkable pumps, first FDA approved cancer drug, and HIV medicine.