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Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Four main elements for life

A

Carbon oxygen nitrogen and hydrogen

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2
Q

Structure of water

A

Slight charges
Polar
Can form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules
Hydrophilic

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3
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different structures

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4
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

It is an alcohol (OH)
Polar
“Ol”

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5
Q

Aldehydes

A

Carbonyl group c=o on end
Polar
“”

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6
Q

Ketone

A

Carbonyl group in middle
Soluble in water
“One”

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7
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

C=o and -oh
Polar and acidic
“Ic acid”

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8
Q

Amino group

A

NH2
Polar and basic
“Amine”

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9
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

SH
Slightly polar
“”

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10
Q

Phosphate

A 
P=o
  -o
   -oh
    -oh
Polar and negative charge 
“”
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11
Q

Ether

A

C-o-c

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12
Q

Ester

A

C=o

-o

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13
Q 
Tests for sugars 
Distilled water 
Glucose solution 
Onion juice 
Potato juice 
Starch
A

No sugars: water, potato juice, starch
Sugar: glucose and onion
Green low concentration- orange red

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14
Q

Tests for starch
Iodine solution +:
Water
Starch

A

Water no change

Starch turned dark blue

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15
Q

Tests for fats
Water
Vegetable oil
Butter

A

Water:sits on top of paper
Oil: absorbed leaving translucent spot (liquid fat)
Butter: sat in clump but made translucent (solid fat)

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16
Q

Macromolecule definition

A

Cells join smaller organic molecules together to form larger molecules called macromolecules

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17
Q

4 classes of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

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18
Q

Polymer

A

Three of four classes form chainlike molecules

Similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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19
Q

Monomer

A

The repeated units are small molecules called monomers

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20
Q

Dehydration synthesis (condensation) rx

A

Removes a water molecule and forms a covalent bond between monomers h+oh
Required energy and enzymes help

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21
Q

Hydrolysis rx

A

Covalent bond between monomers is broken
H+oh attache to molecule
Releases energy and enzymes help

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
Simple sugars 
Immediate source of fuel 
Multiples of CH2O 
“Ose”
Carbonyl and hydroxyl groups 
Ex glucose
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23
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugars
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Two hydroxyl form an ether
Ex. Glucose + glucose in dehydration synthesis of maltose

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24
Q

Polysaccharides (storage)

A

Polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage
Energy storage
2 possible ring structure of glucose depending where hydroxyl group is attached ?

25
Q

Lipids

A

Not water soluble, store most energy

And composed of C H O

26
Q

Triglycerides

A

Common fat in plants and animals

Used in storage

27
Q

Fatty acids

A

Hydrocarbon chain with carbonyl group

28
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Saturated fatty acids have single C bonds and form straight chains
Usually solid and from animal sources
Store better and taste better but have health risks

29
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A 
Double C bonds 
Form bent chains 
can mono or poly-unsaturated 
From plant sources and are reactive 
Can be saturated 
Cis is naturally occurring and trans can be created but have health risks
30
Q

Phospholipids

A

Structural components of cell membrane

3 carbon backbone with 2 fatty acids attached and one phosphate group with an R group attached to that

31
Q

Sterols

A

4 linked Carbon rings with side chains

Used by cells to make steroid hormones and vit d

32
Q

Cholesterol

A

LDL- bad, contributes to plaque
Therefore raising blood pressure and increased heart attacks
HDL- good
Transports it and other lipids back to liver for disposal

33
Q

Functions of protein

A 
Structural support
Storage 
Transport of substances 
Intercellular signaling 
Movement (muscles)
Defence against foreign substances 
Act as enzymes in a cell and regulate metabolism by selectively accelerating chemical reactions
34
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Mono-di-poly-saccrides
Source of fuel and storage
CH2O multiples

35
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Covalent bond that joins two carbohydrates

Condensation rx between and alcohol or amine

36
Q

Protein

A

Polymers of amino acids

37
Q

Eukaryotic

A

All kingdoms but bacteria has a nucleus and no cell wall

38
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Only in bacteria kingdom

No true nucleus

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the DNA

Controls the growth and reproduction of cell

40
Q

Chromosome

A

Contain the DNA, appears as chromatin and makes mRNA

41
Q

Nucleolus

A

Non membrane bound

Contains RNA And proteins

42
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Group of proteins forming an opening in nuclear envelope

Helps to regular flow of molecules in and out of cell

43
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane of phospholipids surrounding nucleus

44
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough has ribosomes, protein transport and synthesis

Smooth is transport and synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, metabolism, and detoxifying drugs

45
Q

Endomembrane system function

A

System within a cell that’s acts to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and other cell products

46
Q

What is in endomembrane system

A

ER
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
And cell membrane

47
Q

Vesicles

A

Membrane enclosed sac used for transport and storage

48
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membrane sacs that packages processes sorts and distributes products of ER
THE POST OFFICE

49
Q

Channel protein

A

Move molecules from one side to another

50
Q

Receptors

A

Recognize certain chemicals

51
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Identify cell type

52
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy
Move due to gradient to equalize (concentration, pressure, or charge)
High concentration to low

53
Q

Diffusion

A

Move to equalize
Water carbons dioxide ammonia and oxygen
More charged, larger molecules, more polar are slower, temperature and pressure is directly proportionally,

54
Q

Osmosis

A

Water in and out

55
Q

Hypotonic

A

More solute in cell that outside, swells up

56
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute outside than inside cell

Shriveled up

57
Q

Isotonic

A

Everything is equal

58
Q

Active transport

A

Against concentration gradient
Requires energy ATP
Co transport?

Bio (5 decks)

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