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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Nervous (module 3) > Flashcards

Nervous (module 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions f the nervous system

A
  • Take in info (sensory receptors)
  • Analysis of info
  • sends response to effectors
  • higher cognitive fn (thinking)
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2
Q

Structure of NS

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): cranial nerves, spinal nerves

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3
Q

Neuroglia def

A

helper cells for neurons

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4
Q

Functional divisions

A
  1. sensory receptors
  2. Afferent division
  3. Info processing in CNS
  4. Somatic nervous system (PNS)-> skeletal muscle (effector)
  5. Autonomic nervous system (PNS) -> Parasympathetic and sympathetic:: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (effectors)
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5
Q

List the structures of the neuron (13)

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body (aka perikaryon)
  • nucleus
  • satellite cells (also nissl bodies)
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • schwann cells
  • mitochondria
  • myelin sheath
  • neurilemma
  • nodes of ranvier
  • Axon terminal (telodendria)
  • synaptic terminal
  • endoneureum
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6
Q

What is neurilemma

A

outer layer of schwann cells, outside the myelin

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7
Q

Schwann cells do…

A

wrap around the axon and has myelin (lipid based insulating material) which helps protect and keep charges inside, allowing for the action potential to occur

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8
Q

Action potential general flow

A
  1. stimuli received at dendrites or cell body
  2. impulse initiated at axon hillock
  3. impulse travels down axon and to axon (synaptic) terminals
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9
Q

Na & K directions

A

Na in

K out

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10
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

1 connection to cell body

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11
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

2 connections to cell body

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12
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

many connections to cell body, “stereotypical drawing of the neuron”

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13
Q

Synapse def and parts

A

Synapse is where two neurons have a communication center

  • presynaptic membrane
  • synaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic membrane
  • postsynaptic receptors
  • synaptic vessels
  • neurotransmitters
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14
Q

Neuroglia (6)

A
  • Schwann cells: helper cells, insulate for speed
  • Satellite cells: surround cell body, maintain NT levels
  • Astrocytes: blood brain barrier
  • Oligodendrites: myelinate axons
  • Microglia: remove debris
  • Ependymal cells: CSF production
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15
Q

Bundle of cell bodies in PNS is called

A

Ganglion

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16
Q

Bundle of axons in PNS is called

A

Nerve

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17
Q

Fascicle is

A

cluster of axons, a single nerve has many fascicles

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18
Q

Nerve components (layers) outer in

A
  • epineurium ‘upon’
  • perineurium ‘around’
  • endoneurium ‘within’
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19
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

an autoimmune disease where T cells attack myelin sheath, scarring it, and ultimately slowing down impulses
Progressive, debilitating

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20
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

virally infectious, virus attacks neurons, specifically cell body
mostly eradicated

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21
Q

Functions of the spinal cord

A

impulse condition and reflex integration

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22
Q

Reflex arc (kinds and components)

A

Monosynaptic: afferent and efferent directly connect

Polysynaptc (interneuron involved)
stimuli > receptor> sensory neuron> Association neuron (interneuron)>motor neuron->effector

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23
Q

List spinal cord structure (in terms of nerves)

A
  • Cervical enlargement
  • Intercostal nerves (between ribs)
  • Lumbar enlargement
    • Conus medullaris
  • Cauda equina
    • filum terminale
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24
Q

Filum terminale fn

A

connects the spinal cord to the saccrum

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25
Q

Spinal cross section parts (16)

w/o meninges

A
  • central canal
  • white matter
  • posterior column of white matter
  • anterior column of white matter
  • lateral column of white matter
  • anterior median fissure
  • posterior median sulcus
  • gray matter
  • posterior horn of grey matter
  • anterior horn or grey matter
  • lateral horn or grey matter
  • grey commissure
  • dorsal root (of spinal nerve)
  • ventral root (of spinal nerve)
  • spinal nerve
  • dorsal root ganglion
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26
Q

Spinal cord tracts carry

A

Ascending: sensory
Descending: motor

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27
Q

Spinal cord meninges (inner> outer) w spaces

A
  1. Pia mater
    - subdural space
  2. Arachnoid mater
    - subarachnoid space (filled w CSF)
  3. Dura mater
    - epidural space
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28
Q

Cervical plexus nerves (list)

A

Phrenic: innervates at diaphragm

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29
Q

Falx cerebri is

A

the meninges in the longitudinal fissure

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30
Q

Sacral plexus nerves (list)

A
  • Sciatic nerve (branches to fibular nerve): hamstrings, flex knee, plantar flexion
  • Common peroneal nerve (fibular) branch into superficial and deep peroneal
  • Saphenous: sensation to lower leg
  • Tibial and sural nerve
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31
Q

Lumbar plexus nerves (list)

A
  • Femoral nerve: anterior, flex hip, extend knee

- Obturator: goes through os coxae, sensation to thigh

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32
Q

Spinal cord injuries (in class)

A
  • Paraplegia: cant send/recieve signals from lower body (damage lower in spinal cord)
  • Quadriplegia: can’t send/recieve signals from all 4 limbs (damage higher in spinal cord)
  • Spina Bifida: birth defect, verdebral arches don’t develop, bulging of meninges.
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33
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid fn

A

-shock absorption
-buoyancy
-chemical & waste removal
-made in the ventricles of the brain (hollow spaces filled with CSF)
constantly flowing

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34
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A
  • Lateral ventricles (c-shaped)
  • Foramen Monro (interventricular) connects lateral to third ventricle
  • Third ventricle (connected to lateral vent.)
  • Aqueduct of sylvius (between 3rd and 4th ventricle, csf)
  • Fourth ventricle (where CSF goes to spinal cord)
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35
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A
  • Lateral ventricles (c-shaped)
  • Foramen of Monro (interventricular) connects lateral to third ventricle
  • Third ventricle (connected to lateral vent.)
  • Aqueduct of sylvius (between 3rd and 4th ventricle, csf)
  • Fourth ventricle (where CSF goes to spinal cord)
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36
Q

Embryonic brain regions (5; bulgy)

A
  • Telencephalon->cerebrum
  • Dienchephalon->thal, hypothal, epithal, pit gland
  • Mesencephalon->midbrain
  • Metencephalon->cerebellum
  • Myelincephalon->medulla oblongata
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37
Q

Adult brain subdivisions (4)

A
  1. Cerebrum
    - cerebral cortex(gray mattter)
    - inner white matter
  2. Diencephalon
    - Epithalamus
    - Thalamus
    • intermediate mass of thalamus
      - Hypothalamus
      - pinneal gland
      - pituitary gland
      - mamillary bodies
  3. Brain Stem
    - Midbrain
    - Pons
    - Medulla oblongata
  4. Cerebellum
    - Arbor vitae
    - Folia
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38
Q

Corpus callosum

A

c-shape, made up of myelinated axons, helps join the hemispheres

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39
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Grey matter & cell bodies, outer layer of the brain (visible in slices)

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40
Q

The convolutions in brain are called:

A

Gyri (gyrus): raises in brain

Sulci (sulcus): depths in the brain

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41
Q

The convolutions in brain are called:

A 
Gyri (gyrus): raises in brain
Sulci (sulcus): depths in the brain
precentral gyrus (motor)
central sulcus
postcentral gyrus (sensory)
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42
Q

List the Lobes of cerebrum

A
  • Fontral lobe: memory, reasoling, planning, motor output
  • Parietal lobe: touch, pain, taste
  • Temporal lobe: auditory, olfactory, face recog
  • Occipital lobe: visual perception
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43
Q

List the Lobes of cerebrum

A
  • Frontal lobe: memory, reasoning, planning, motor output
  • Parietal lobe: touch, pain, taste
  • Temporal lobe: auditory, olfactory, face recog
  • Occipital lobe: visual perception
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44
Q

Thalamus fn and structures

A

transfers sensory info to cerebrum, motion awareness

interthalamic adhesion(rod connecting sides of thal)

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45
Q

Hypothalamus fn

A

major organ fn, emotions, hormone secretions

*mamillary bodies:fn: chewing and licking)

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46
Q

Pineal gland does what and where is it

A

secretes melatonin, in hypothalamus

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47
Q

Pituitary gland structure to know

A

infundibulum: stalk-like part that holds the pituitary gland

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48
Q

List the midbrain regions

A
  1. corpora quadrigemina
    • Superior colliculi: visual processing
    • Inferior colliculi: auditory processing
  2. Cerebral peduncles: carry messages to and from thalamus and cerebrum
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49
Q

Pons fn

A

nuclei for cranial nerves, respiratory control (subconscious things)

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50
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

A
  • superior colliculi

- inferior colliculi

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51
Q

Cerebellum Structures

A

-arbor vitae
-folia
-transverse fissure
- cerebellar peduncles
coordination of skeletal muscle contraction; Superior, middle and inferior peduncles

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52
Q

Medulla oblongata fn

A

controls heart rate, respiratory rate, reflexes like coughing, sneezing, swallowing

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53
Q

12 Cranial Nerves

A

I: Olfactory tract: s, smell
II:Optic: s, vision
III: Oculomotor: m, eye and eyelid movement
IV: Trochlear: m, eye muscle movement
V: Trigeminal: m,s, chewing, face and mouth sensation and pain
VI: Abducens: m, lateral eye movement
VII: Facial: m,s, facial express and taste
VIII: Vestibulocochlear: s, hearing and equilibrium
IX: Glossopharyngeal: m,s, taste, sense blood pressure
X: Vagus: m, s, sense blood pressure, slow heart rate, peristalsis
XI: Accessory: m, swallowing, movement
XII: Hypoglossal: m, tongue movement

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54
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Substantia Nigra (area that produces dopamine) is diminished so decreased production leads to inability to inhibit muscle activity

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55
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

thought to have genetic, enviromental and age facotors

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56
Q

Cerebrovascular accident aka

A

stroke: blockage or burs in blood vessels

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57
Q

Synesthesia

A

association of colors to letters and numbers

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58
Q

Autonomic nervous system consist of

A
  • the somatic nervous system

- the autonomic nervous system: symp and parasymp

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59
Q

Somatic nervous system is

A

voluntary, one motor neuron

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60
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary, two motor neurons

divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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61
Q

Effectors of the nervous sytem

A
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Glands
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62
Q

ganglions of the autonomic NS

A
  • preganglionic neurons are not myelinated
  • ganglions are far from effectors
  • postganglionic neurons are typically very small
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63
Q

Sympathetic NS

A
  • prepares body for fight/flight response

- activates as a whole

64
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A
  • conserves body energy (opposite to sympathetic)

- Generally activated by parts, what is necessary

65
Q

examples of sympathetic ns, functions

A
  • inhibits digestive processes
  • relaxes bronchi of lungs (meaning bigger diameter=more oxygen)
  • accelerates hearth rate (inc blood flow)
  • inhibition of bladder release
66
Q

List some of the common neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
67
Q

Acetylcholine fn and location

A

-stimulates effectors, triggers body activities when body at rest

found in preganglanglionic neurons of ANS, all parasymp postganglionic neurons and some sympathe postgangl

68
Q

Norepinephrine fn and location

A

-stimulates effectors, triggers fight or flight

found in most sympathetic postganglionic neurons

69
Q

Epinephrine fn

A

-triggers fight or flight responses.

found in the ANS (out f the medulla)

70
Q

Olfactory sense

A

smell molecules go into nose>adhere to nasal cavity>olfactory receptor cells> olfactory nerve> trigger action potential>cribriform plate of ethmoid bone>olfactory bulb>bundles of axons>olfactory tract

71
Q

Gustatory sense

A

‘Bumps’ are called Papilla(3 kinds) which have taste buds located deep inside

Taste buds have: taste pore, transitional/supportive cells and gustatory cells

72
Q

3 kinds of papilla

A
  • Circumvallate papilla (bigger, in back of tongue)
  • Fungiform papilla
  • Filiform papilla
73
Q

Primary taste sensations

A
  • bitter
  • sour
  • sweet
  • salty
  • unami
  • water
74
Q

List Vision accessory structures

A
  • eyebrows, eyelashes
  • Palpebrae
  • Tarsal gland
  • Med and lat Canthus
  • Conjuctiva
75
Q

Palpebrae are

A

eyelids, keep stuff out and eye lubricated and protected

76
Q

Tarsal gland

A

produces oil to help lubricate the eye

77
Q

Medial and Lateral CAnthus

A

spot where the eyelids meet

78
Q

Conjuctiva

A

the clear tissue covering the sclera and inside of eyelids, has blood vessels to supply eye

79
Q

Lacrimal apparatus components

A
  • lacrimal gland
  • lacrimal ducts
  • superior and inferior canaliculi
  • lacrimal sac
  • nasolacrimal duct
80
Q

Lacrimal gland fn

A

produces tears

81
Q

lacrimal duct fn

A

transport way of tears

82
Q

Superior and inferior canaliculi fn

A

drain tears into the lacrimal sac

83
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

dispose of excess tears through nose

84
Q

Light intake pathway

A

light goes thru cornea> iris opens/contracts>hits lense>light rays land on back of eye> hits retina w/ its receptor cells> choroid

85
Q

White part of the eye called

A

Sclera

86
Q

Fibrous tunic includes

A

the sclera and the cornea

87
Q

vascular tunic include the

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

88
Q

neural tunic includes

A

retina

89
Q

ciliary body surrounds the

A

lens

90
Q

List cavities and chambers of the eye

A

-anterior cavity: in front of the lens, filled w/ aqueous humor
anterior chamber: iris to cornea
Posterior chamber: lens to iris
-Posterior cavity: behind lens, filled w/ vitreous humor

91
Q

Suspensory ligaments are

A

what attach to lens, pulling/pushing of lens allowing for focusing

92
Q

Aqueous humor def

A

water-like clear fluid between the cornea and lens

93
Q

Vitreous humor def

A

transparent, jelly-like tissue behind the lens

94
Q

fovea is

A

the indentation, cup-shaped area where light rays fall (at back of eye)

95
Q

Photoreceptors include

A
  • rods: perceive black and white images, blurry

- cones: perceive color and sharp images

96
Q

Rods fn and location

A

-black and white image
-blurry
-in low light
in the peripheral: to macula and fovea

97
Q

Rods fn and location

A

-black and white image
-blurry
-in low light
in the peripheral: to macula and fovea

98
Q

These are the cell layers that light goes thru before optic nerve

A

photoreceptors-> bipolar cells-> ganglion cells-> optic nerve

99
Q

optic chiasma is

A

the crossover of optic nerves, in the brain

100
Q

Auditory sense includes parts

A
  • Outer ear
  • Middle ear
  • Inner ear
101
Q

Outer Ear components

A
  • helix: top of the ear
  • auricle: captures sound waves
  • earlobe
  • external auditory canal (meatus)
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum, vibrates)
102
Q

Middle ear components

A
  • Auditory Ossicles: Malleus, Incus and Stapes
  • oval window (where stapes connects)
  • round window (also on the cochlea)
  • auditory tube (air filled; connects nose mouth and ear [pressure])
103
Q

Inner ear components

A
  • Bony labyrinth
  • Membranous labyrinth
  • Semicircular ducts (anterior, lateral, posterior)
  • Cochlea
  • cochlear duct
  • organ of corti:
    • Basilar membrane
    • Tectorial membrane
    • Hair cells
    • vestibular membrane
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala Tympani
104
Q

Membranous labyrinth is composed of

A

-soft tissue
-Perilymph is the membrane around and it is fluid
endolymph is inner layer

105
Q

Equilibrium definition

A

Position in space, important for homeostasis: up vs down, front vs, back, and rotation. Mostly using our head position to determine this

106
Q

membranous membrane ‘bags’

A
  • Utricle (horizontal accel) bigger
  • Saccule (vertical accel) smaller

filled with endolymph

107
Q

utricle and saccule are what and where

A

bulb looking chambers within the vestibule (triangle shaped), which is what moves with respect to gravity

108
Q

Maculae

A

has utricle and sacculae within, also crystals (Statoconia)

109
Q

Otoliths are…

A

collection of crystals suspended in endolymph within the maculae in the ear (also suspended in maculae are hair cells)

110
Q

Ampullae is

A

the bulgy part of the semicircular ducts that has gelatinous structure called Cupula, which is very flexible

111
Q

Cupula is

A

flexible gelatinous material within the ampullae (of semicircular ducts), in which the hairs and support cells are suspended

cupula shifts> since hairs are embedded, they too shift

112
Q

Cerebellum has white matter called ___ and grey matter called ___

A
  1. arbor vitae (inner white matter “tree”

2. folia (outer grey matter “leaves outside”

113
Q

Static vs dynamic equilibrium

A

static: body’s sense of up vs down
dynamic: body’s sense of movement

114
Q

what is an otoscope?

A

aka: auriscope

device used to look inside the ear. gives a view of the ear canal and tympanic membrane

115
Q

What are statocytes?

A

specialized cells in plants that help them sense gravity, located in endodermis of their shoot, they use statoliths (free-floating starch granules) to sense

116
Q

Auditory tube aka

A

eustachian tube, connects middle ear to the nasopharynx, equalizes pressure in env.
Common place for ear infections in children

117
Q

list the auditory ossicles

A

-malleus
-incus
-stapes
from outer to inner

118
Q

basilar membrane is

A

within the organ of corti (triagle shape in the cochlea cross section. contains the hair cells that move with sound

119
Q

organ of corti def (in relation to cochlea) and what makes it up

A

the organ of corti is the sensory apparatus within the cochlear duct (between vestibular and basilar membranes)

120
Q

cochlear nerve fn

A

sends the auditory information from the cochlea to the brain

121
Q

crista ampullae def

A

are the cluster of hair cess and support cells within the ampulla (within semicircular ducts)

122
Q

perilymph vs endolymph

A

perilymph: inside the scala vestibuli and tympani
endolymph: inside the cochlear duct

123
Q

what is a labyrinth

A

inner ear structures that are filled with fluids, to hold the inner ear components

124
Q

what is a pinna(e)?

A

same as the auricle, the outer part of the ear that catches soundwaves

125
Q

list the components of cochlear cross section

A
  • basilar membrane
  • cochlear duct
  • hair cells
  • organ of corti
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
  • tectorial membrane
126
Q

vestibular nerve vs cochlear nerve vs vestibulocochlear

A

vestibular: originates from the vestibules (balance/equilibrium)
cochlear: originates from cochlea (most of hearing)
vestibulocochlear: carries info into the auditory cortex (vestibular and cochlear are subdivisions)

127
Q

afferent fibers of the cochlea

A

are the fibers taking the information from the movement of hair cells and supporting cells to the cochlear nerve. Innervate the basilar membrane

128
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

afferent is sensory (in)

efferent is motor (out)

129
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

afferent is sensory (in)

efferent is motor (out)

130
Q

Interneurons, what are they and where

A

neurons found in the CNS, send information between motor and sensory, meaning they are only in brain and spinal cord, not in periphery

131
Q

Glial cells

A

diff types:
astrocytes, oligodendrites, microglia, satellite cells, and Schwann cells

Satellite Cells: provide support for neurons, and increase its speed

132
Q

Neurofibrils are what

A

structures that carry the signal (AP) through the body of the neuron, toward axon hillock

133
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

where the motor neuron (efferent) meets the muscle- junction

134
Q

List the reflex tests (8)

A
  • Patellar: L2-L4
  • Biceps: 5th cervical
  • Triceps: 7th cervical
  • Achilles: sacral nerves
  • Plantar: white column spinal cord
  • Corneal: brainstem (blinking)
  • Gag: brainstem
  • Pupillary: brain damage
135
Q

Mammillary bodies are wehre

A

two small structures behind the pituitary, relay info from the lymbic system to fornix

136
Q

Mammillary bodies are wehre

A

two small structures behind the pituitary, relay info from the lymbic system to fornix (thin under corpus callosum)

137
Q

all motor neurons are ___polar

A

multipolar

138
Q

all sensory neurons are ___polar

A

unipolar

139
Q

all sensory neurons are ___polar

A

unipolar

140
Q

Terms for vision: normal, nearsightedness, farsightedness

A

emmetropic
Myopia
Hyperopia

141
Q

when the lens looses elasticity its called

A

presbyopia

142
Q

how is colorblindness a sex-linked trait?

A

genes for red and green cones are on the x chromosomes, males tend to be colorblind more often

143
Q

List abnormal conditions of the eye: (5)

A
  • Myopia: elongated eye “nearsightedness”
  • hyperopia: narrow eye “farsightedness”
  • presbyopia: special hyperopia, lens looses elasticity
  • astigmatism: multiple focal points, due to imperfections in cornea
  • legally blind: visural acuity below 20/200
144
Q

blind spot caused by…

A

the optic nerve (where it enters)

145
Q

instrument to look at eye called

A

opthamaloscope

146
Q

brief def of glaucoma

A

damage to optic nerve, increased pressure in the humor of the eye

147
Q

Vision tests (2)

A

Snellen (letter chart)

Astigmatism chart: numbers around sun-like shape

148
Q

accomodation and acuity meaning

A

acommodation: keeping the focal length constant
acuity: ability of lens to get the focal point on the macula lutea

149
Q

Sheep eye (12)

A
  1. aqueous humor
  2. choroid
  3. ciliary body
  4. cornea
  5. fovea centralis
  6. iris
  7. lens
  8. optic disk
  9. pupil
  10. retina
  11. sclera
  12. vitreous humor
150
Q

cross-section of eye parts (5)

A 
lens
cornea
retina
choroid
sclera
151
Q

Major eye components (14)

A
  1. cornea
  2. iris
  3. pupil
  4. ciliary bodies
  5. lens
  6. suspensory ligaments (holding lens)
  7. vitreous humor
  8. fovea centralis
  9. Macula lutea
  10. retina
  11. choroid
  12. sclera
  13. optic disk (blind spot)
  14. optic nerve
152
Q

anterior vs posterior cavity of the eye

A

anterior is from the lens forward (aqueous humor)

posterior behind the lens (vitreous humor)

153
Q

List the eye muscles (7)

A
  • superior levator palpebrae
  • superior rectus muscle
  • superior oblique muscle
  • lateral rectus muscle
  • medial rectus muscle
  • inferior rectus muscle
  • inferior oblique muscle
154
Q

whats lacrimal punctae?

A

the tiny hole on the eyelid, collect tears

155
Q

Lacrimal parts (4)

A 
lacrimal gland
lacrimal ducts
lacrimal punctae
lacrimal sac
(nasolacrimal duct)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (13 decks)

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