Cancer L12 - SP4 - Fill in the blanks only

Question 1

At what age does age become a risk factor for colorectal cancer?

Answer 1

Age 50

Question 2

Cancer stage describes…

Answer 2

How much cancer is in the body and where it was first diagnosed. It describes the size of the tumour, which parts of the organ has cancer, and if it has metastasized and where it has spread.

Question 3

Prevention strategies for colorectal cancer

Answer 3

Eat a diet low in animal fat and high in fruits and veggies and whole grains. Avoid alcohol, don’t smoke, and increase physical activity. Also get regular screening after age 50.

Question 4

General symptoms of chronic leukemia

Answer 4

Swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, pain/fullness in stomach, fatigue, night sweats, fever and infections, and loss of appetite and weight.

Question 5

Location of stage 1 lymphoma

Answer 5

Neck and lymph nodes

Question 6

Location of stage 2 lymphoma

Answer 6

Armpit. 2 or more lymph nodes.

Question 7

Location of stage 3 lymphoma

Answer 7

Can be located both above and below the diaphragm.

Question 8

Location of stage 4 lymphoma

Answer 8

Several lymph nodes. Multiple organs.

Question 9

Example of a preventative vaccine for cancer?

Answer 9

Gardasil for HPV

Question 10

Goal of education as a prevention strategy.

Answer 10

To increase knowledge and motivation, to change attitudes, and to increase the skills needed to maintain good health.

Question 11

Goal of Public Health Policy as a prevention strategy.

Answer 11

To make it easier for people to adopt healthy practices, and to make it more difficult for people to adopt unhealthy practices.

Question 12

Examples of environmental supports as a prevention strategy.

Answer 12

Smoke-free areas, shade in playgrounds, exercise promotion in residential planning, and nutritious food provisions in schools.

Question 13

Goal of health enhancement as a prevention strategy.

Answer 13

To increase levels of good vitality and resilience in all.

Question 14

Goal of risk avoidance as a prevention strategy.

Answer 14

To ensure that people who are already low risk remain low risk.

Question 15

Goal of risk reduction as a prevention strategy.

Answer 15

To reach individuals who are at moderate to high risk.

Question 16

4 main behavioural risk factors

Answer 16

Smoking. Diet. Physical inactivity. Alcohol use.

Question 17

Goal of screening.

Answer 17

To decrease mortality and increase survival. To improve quality of life.

Question 18

Predictive value

Answer 18

The probability that subjects with positive screening tests truly have the disease.

Question 19

Consequences of a false positive result.

Answer 19

Stress. Biopsies have risks.

Question 20

Consequences of a false negative result.

Answer 20

Patient doesn’t get the treatment they need.

Question 21

Criteria for screening programs…

Answer 21

Safe. Acceptable positive predictive values. Cost/benefit is acceptable. Easy to administer and regulate. Disease must be serious or have a major impact on QoL. Disease progression should be interruptible. Diagnosis and treatment should be available and meaningful.

Question 22

Over-diagnosis bias in cancer screening programs

Answer 22

When cases are detected that would not have progressed to cancer or to death.

Question 23

Lead-time bias in cancer screening programs

Answer 23

Early detection leads to a longer time the patient is considered “ill,” not necessarily to longer life.

Question 24

Intrareliability

Answer 24

Observer variability (differences in repeated measurements by the same screener)

Question 25

Interreliability

Answer 25

Observer variability (inconsistency in the way different screeners apply or interpret test results).