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HSCI 2211 - Cancer & Metabolic Diseases > SP1 - Nutrition > Flashcards

SP1 - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of macronutrients

A

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Examples of micronutrients

A

Minerals, vitamins, salt

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3
Q

What class of nutrients provide the vast majority of metabolic energy to an organism?

A

Macronutrients

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4
Q

Main macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

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5
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Store energy, make up other molecules, and they are metabolic intermediates in chemical reaction

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6
Q

Three sizes of carbohydrates

A

Simple (monosaccharides) , disaccharides, and complex (polysaccharides).

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7
Q

RDA for carbohydrates

A

130g per day

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8
Q

How many carbohydrates are needed per day to prevent ketosis?

A

50-100g per day

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9
Q

Fiber

A

A type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested

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10
Q

Two ways that fiber can be classified

A

According to the type of food they come from, or according to their solubility.

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11
Q

Type of fiber according to their solubility

A

Soluble and insoluble

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12
Q

Food sources of soluble fiber

A

Oat bran, dried beans and peas, nuts, barley, flax seed, oranges, apples, carrots, psyllium husks

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13
Q

Benefits of insoluble fiber

A

Moves waste through colon, and helps prevent colon cancer by keeping an optimal pH in the intestines. Promotes regular bowel movements.

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14
Q

Are starches digested quickly?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Do starches give the body glucose slowly or quickly?

A

Quickly

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16
Q

Are starches low or high on the glycemic index?

A

High

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17
Q

What percent of the US population has metabolic syndrome?

A

32%

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18
Q

How much fiber should a person try to consume daily?

A

25g

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19
Q

Consequences of too much carbohydrates

A

Tooth decay, CVD, diabetes, obesity.

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20
Q

Consequences of too few carbohydrates

A

Too little fiber, energy imbalance, ketoacidosis.

21
Q

Max intake recommendation from the Canadian Heart and Stroke foundation regarding sugar consumption.

A

No more than 10% total calories should be from sugars. 48g of added sugars, about 12 teaspoons.

22
Q

Ideal intake recommendation from the Canadian Heart and Stroke foundation regarding sugar consumption.

A

Ideally less than 5%. 24g or 6 teaspoons.

23
Q

What does soluble fiber form when mixed with liquids?

A

A gel.

24
Q

What does insoluble fiber do after we consume it?

A

Passes through intestines, absorbing water. Largely remains intact. Eases the passage of fecal matter.

25
Q

Functions of soluble fiber.

A

Binds with fatty acids. Prolongs stomach emptying time so that sugar is released and absorbed more slowly.

26
Q

Functions of insoluble fiber.

A

Moves bulk through intestines. Controls and balances the pH (acidity) in the intestines.

27
Q

Fiber can help reduce the risk of…

A

Colon cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, diverticular disease, constipation, hemorrhoids. Fiber also helps lower LDL cholesterol.

28
Q

Amino acids are the most ___ and most ___ molecules in the cell.

A

Abundant and important.

29
Q

Size of proteins

A

Relatively large

30
Q

Proteins are made from…

A

Amino acids

31
Q

Function of proteins

A

Forms hormones, enzymes, antibodies, fluid and electrolyte regulation, buffer pH, and transport nutrient

32
Q

Recommended protein intake for a healthy adult

A

0.8g per kg

33
Q

Under what circumstances do we need more protein?

A

Pregnancy, injury, growth, training, and illness.

34
Q

Consequences of too much protein?

A

High cholesterol, bone loss, and kidney damage.

35
Q

Consequences of too few proteins?

A

Malnutrition and edema.

36
Q

What are some of the benefits of fat?

A
  • Insulation such as myelin that covers nerve cells.
  • Emulsifiers to keep fats dispersed in body fluids.
  • Stored energy
  • Derivatives of vitamins and hormones
  • Organ protection
  • Transport of vitamins
  • Temperature regulator
  • Lipids make up cell membranes
37
Q

Recommended daily intake of fat in order to obtain essential fatty acids?

A

Adults should consume 4% of energy from plant oils or fish, 10% of polyunsaturated fats to a maximum of 20-­35% per day.

38
Q

Recommended daily intake of fat in order to obtain essential fatty acids?

A

Adults should consume 4% of energy from plant oils or fish, 10% of polyunsaturated fats to a maximum of 20-­35% per day. Limit saturated fats. Eliminate trans fats.

39
Q

Consequences of consuming too much lipids?

A

CVD, obesity, diabetes, and cancer.

40
Q

Consequences of consuming too few lipids?

A

Energy imbalance, lower vitamin absorption, and essential fatty acid loss.

41
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The energy content of food, measured in kilocalories.

42
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to maintain body function.

43
Q

How is excess energy stored?

A

As glycogen or fat.

44
Q

How are estimated energy requirements determined?

A

Age, gender, weight, height, and physical activity level.

45
Q

What (range of) percent of total energy calories should be from carbohydrates?

A

45%-55%

46
Q

What (range of) percent of total energy calories should be from proteins?

A

10%-33%

47
Q

What (range of) percent of total energy calories should be from lipids?

A

20%-35%

48
Q

An appropriate diet provides….

A

Sufficient energy for the body’s daily metabolic needs. Amino acids and fatty acids to be used as building blocks. Vitamins and minerals, which function as coenzymes, hormones, or structural components.

HSCI 2211 - Cancer & Metabolic Diseases (18 decks)

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