Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

A state of self-awareness, perception,

ability to respond to stimuli, ability to act with

judgement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is ‘sleep’?

A

is a state of changed consciousness from which

a person can be aroused by stimulation, alternating in

a 24-hour cycle (circadian rhythm) with wakefulness

• Sleep is a physiological state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is ‘coma’?

A

A state of profound unconsciousness

characterised by inability to sense and respond to

external stimuli and loss of sleep-wake-cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What assessment tool do we use to determine level of consciousness?

A

Glasgow Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the causes of coma? How long does it last?

A

Causes: Intoxication, acute neurologic injuries, metabolic

disorders, CNS infection, stroke, hypoxia

Duration: Generally few days to few weeks (2 - 5 weeks). Some

patients progress to a vegetative state or die.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a ‘persistant vegetative state’?

A

A state of unconsiousness in patients with severe brain injury.

Frequently observed in patients in whom coma has progressed to a

certain state of wakefulness (e.g. sleep-wake cycles, open eyes)

without detectable awareness (unresponsive to external stimuli

except possibly pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ‘brain death ‘?

A

Irreversible coma, characterised by lack of brain activity. Loss of

pain responses and cranial nerve reflexes (pupillary response

(fixed pupils), corneal reflex), loss of spontaneous respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are four types of biologcial rhythms?

A

•Circannual rhythm

•Infradian rhtyhms

Menstrual cycle

•Circadian rhythms

Sleep/wakefulness cycles

Hormone secretion (e.g. cortisol)

Body temperature

  • Circannual rhythm
  • Infradian rhtyhms

Menstrual cycle

•Circadian rhythms

Sleep/wakefulness cycles

Hormone secretion (e.g. cortisol)

Body temperature

•Ultradian rhythmys

REM/NREM cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is Melatonin produced?

A

in the Pineal Gland in the brain - helps to induce sleep - higher production in winter when nights are longer, brain uses the duration of melatonin secretion to adjust to seasonal variations/travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the stages of sleep?

A

Slow Wave Sleep (NREM) = stages 1,2,3,4 - autonomic stability HR BP and temperature fall

Rapid Eey movement (REM)= autonomic instability HR, BP and Temp vary- recall dreaming

90 min. cycles - repeated 5-6 times per night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does an EEG record?

A

Changes in frequency

  • Changes in amplitude
  • Changes in synchronisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What tool measures eye movements?

A

Eye movements

  • Electroculograph (EOG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the difference in EEG reading between awake with eyes open and awake with eyes closed?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the first stage of sleep

A

Light sleep, lasts for a few minutes

  • Easily awakened
  • Slow eye movements (rolling)
  • Muscle activity slows down
  • EEG: Theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency)

Occasional a waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the second stage of sleep

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the 3rd and 4th sleep stages

A
17
Q

What would you see on EEG, EMG and EOG during REM sleep?

A

•EEG: fast, small amplitude like wakefulness

but behaviourally asleep, difficult to

arouse, associated with dreaming

  • EMG: hypotonicity or flaccidity
  • EOG: rapid eye movements
18
Q

what are the benefits of sleep?

A

Improves cognitive ability

• Solidifies memory (in particular SWS: ‘declarative

memory’- ‘What we know’)

  • Processes and repackages newly learned lessons
  • Increases decision-making skills
  • “Eraser” theory- get rid of the things you don’t need and retain what you do need
19
Q

what are the benefits of sleep on the periphery?

A

Sleep deprivation is lethal in animal models

• Sleep loss increases blood pressure, increases heart rate,

disrupts glucose metabolism, and increases obesity

• During NREM/slow wave sleep, growth hormone is secreted,

in particular in the “healing and repair” period between 10pm

and 2am

  • Sleep improves infections, cytokines can induce sleep
  • (Only 10 % - 20 % energy saving)
20
Q

REM sleep is particularly important for what aspect of consciousness?

A

REM appears to play a major role in benefits of sleep

with respect to learning, organising information, and

decision making (‘procedural memory’ – ‘How’)

Reduction in REM occurs during shortened sleep

periods

•Reduction in REM occurs when consuming alcohol or

nicotine or in response to certain medications (antidepressants,

anxiolytics)

21
Q

The REM/NREM cycle is controlled by what?

A

reticular formation

22
Q

What controls the sleep/wake cycle?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

23
Q

describe the neuronal pathways in wakefulness (arousal_

A

Wakefulness with activation of cerebral cortex is maintained

by activity in two ascending systems of reticular formation /

brainstem neurones contributing to the reticular activating

system (RAS)

  • neurones which synthesise acetylcholine
  • neurones which synthesise monoamines

(noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine

24
Q

describe what happens during NREM slow wave sleep to the neuronal activity?

A

neuronal activity in both cholinergic and

monoaminergic pathways slows down

• Excitatory glutamatergic neurons that

inhibit REM sleep and promote NREM

sleep.

25
Q

describe the neuronal changes during REM sleep

A

cholinergic neurones fire rapidly

• monoaminergic neurones stop firing

26
Q

What is the job of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus?

A

input signals from retina

links to light/night/day cycle

• ablation of SCN eliminates

sleep/wake cycle

• SCN signals to pineal gland

that produces melatonin, as

well as other brain structures

27
Q

What is EDS?

A

EDS is defined as a difficulty maintaining wakefulness

and an increased likelihood of falling asleep in

unsuitable situation

•EDS can be a symptom of a medical condition

including sleep disorders and fatigue

28
Q

What is Sleep Apnea?

A

Disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep

• Causes: Brain signal interruption (central, rare) or windpipe

collapse during inhalation (obstructive, common)

  • Airflow is blocked for up to 1 minute
  • Hypoxic CNS initiates breathing
  • Symptoms and consequences: Snoring, EDS, high blood

pressure

• Frequently associated with obesity

29
Q

What is Narcolepsy

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)

• Cataplexy (abrupt loss of muscle tone without loss of

awareness)

  • Sleep paralysis (muscle paralysis of sleep)
  • Hypnagogic hallucination
  • High levels of REM

Neuroscience (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions