Chapter 8

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as in on a full in the blank test

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as in a multiple choice test

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

Process of getting information into memory system/aka our brain
Ex) Sensory information from the environment, our brains label or code it without us realizing it.

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

Process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

Process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 9

Short term memory

Answer 9

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 10

Long term memory

Answer 10

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; included knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 11

Explicit memory

Answer 11

(Aka declarative memory)
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. We encode explicit memories through conscious effort full processing

Question 12

Implicit memory

Answer 12

(Aka non-declarative memory)
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. We encode implicit memories through automatic processing, without our awareness.

Question 13

Sensory Memory

Answer 13

Sensory memory feeds our active working memory, recording momentary images of scenes or echoes of sounds.

Question 14

Two types of sensory memory

Answer 14

iconic memory and echoic memory

Question 15

Iconic Memory

Answer 15

Picture-image memory of visual stimuli lasting no

more than a few tenths of a second

Question 16

Echoic Memory

Answer 16

Sound memory of auditory stimuli; can be recalled

within 3 or 4 seconds

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Organization of items into familiar,

manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 18

Mnemonics

Answer 18

Memory aids, especially techniques that

use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 19

HIerarchies

Answer 19

Organization of items into a few broad

categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Question 20

Spacing Effect

Answer 20

Encoding is more effective when it is spread

over time.

Question 21

Testing Effect

Answer 21

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than
simply rereading, information. Repeated self-testing (using the Retrieve It and Testing Effect questions in this text, for example) does more than assess learning: It improves it

Question 22

Shallow processing

Answer 22

encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (word’s sound)

Question 23

Deep Processing

Answer 23

encodes semantically, based on word meaning

Question 24

Semantic Memory

Answer 24

Explicit memory of facts and general

knowledge

Question 25

Episodic memory

Answer 25

Explicit memory of personally

experienced events.

Question 26

Hippocampus

Answer 26

a neural center located in the limbic
system; registers and temporarily holds elements of explicit memories before moving them to other brain regions for long-term storage.

Question 27

memory consolidation

Answer 27

Neural storage of long-term memories

Question 28

Flashbulb memories

Answer 28

clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events, occur via emotion-triggered hormonal changes and rehearsal.

Question 29

Frontal lobes and hippocampus

Answer 29

explicit memory formation

Question 30

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Answer 30

implicit memory formation

Question 31

Amygdala

Answer 31

emotion-related memory formation

Question 32

Priming

Answer 32

Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 33

Context-dependent memory

Answer 33

Involves improved recall of specific information

when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 34

State-dependent memory

Answer 34

Emotions that accompany good or bad events

become retrieval cues

Question 35

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 35

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 36

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 36

An inability to form new conscious memories.

Question 37

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

An inability to retrieve information

from one’s past (old information stored in long-term memory)

Question 38

Proactive (forward-acting) interference

Answer 38

Occurs when prior learning disrupts recall of new information.

Question 39

Retroactive
(backward-acting)
interference

Answer 39

Occurs when new learning disrupts recall of older information.

Question 40

Motivated Forgetting

Answer 40

Sigmund Freud argued that we repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and to minimize anxiety.

Question 41

Reconsolidation

Answer 41

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

Question 42

Misinformation effect

Answer 42

When a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Question 43

Source amnesia (also called source misattribution)

Answer 43

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

Question 44

Déjà vu

Answer 44

Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.