PY Final

Question 1

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.

Answer 1

Personality psychology

Question 2

Calisha and Renata are discussing arsonists. Calisha has been reading the work of a __________ psychologist and believes that fire-setting behavior might be linked to hormonal imbalances. Renata has been reading the work of a __________ psychologist and believes that fire-setting is a behavior that is supported by group processes.

Answer 2

Biological; social

Question 3

The tasks of a(n) __________ psychologist include improving supervisors’ leadership skills, creating maximum-efficiency work groups, and suggesting other research-based programs designed to increase efficiency.

Answer 3

Industrial and organizational

Question 4

. The modern age of psychology began when

Answer 4

Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig.

Question 5

“Anything that cannot be observed and measured directly is not worth studying.” Which psychologists are most likely to agree with this statement?

Answer 5

John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner

Question 6

Your friend claims that altruism, cooperation, aggression, and other social behaviors increase the chances of human survival and are genetically encoded and passed on from generation to generation. Your friend is supporting

Answer 6

the evolutionary approach

Question 7

Dr. Mueller is interested in studying eating disorders. Her hypothesis is that abnormal eating behavior is learned through previous successes and failures with restrictive diet programs. She most likely follows which school of psychological thought?

Answer 7

Behavioral

Question 8

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram’s obedience research?

Answer 8

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure.

Question 9

. The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) __________.

Answer 9

Experiment

Question 10

The prediction that “bright colors will make people happier” is called a(n)

Answer 10

Hypothesis

Question 11

Dr. Zumbahlen is conducting a research study in which she is interested in the effects of aerobic activity on weight loss. Aerobic activity is defined by thirty minutes of exercise on the treadmill three times a week. This specific way of defining aerobic activity is referred to as a(n) __________ definition.

Answer 11

Operational

Question 12

. Shantae is doing an experiment on how anxious people will feel if they are told that they did not do well on an intelligence test. She asks her participants to rate how nervous, upset, and anxious they feel on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (very). Participant’s anxiety is a(n) __________.

Answer 12

Dependent variable

Question 13

. Jason answered a series of vocabulary and reading comprehension questions on a web site. When he finished, the site gave him a rating of intelligence. “I don’t think that test really measured intelligence,” thought Jason. Jason is questioning the test’s

Answer 13

Validity

Question 14

A disadvantage most associated with the __________ research method is that people who know they are being studied may alter their normal behavior

Answer 14

Naturalistic observation

Question 15

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group

Answer 15

type of play; no play

Question 16

Dr. Jiminez investigated the influence of snacking on the onset of sleep in preschool children. One group of preschoolers ate a candy bar prior to bedtime, and the other group ate nothing. Time until the onset of sleep was recorded for each child. In this experiment, eating or not eating the snack is the __________ variable, and the time until the onset of sleep is the __________ variable

Answer 16

independent; dependent

Question 17

. Laura conducted a study to determine whether her new “puppet” therapy works better than the traditional “talking” therapy. After randomly assigning her own patients to either the “puppet” or “talking” group, Laura herself administered the therapy. This study is most obviously flawed due t

Answer 17

Experimenter bias

Question 18

. As you go south from Maine to Florida, your latitude decreases, but the average daily temperature goes up. This illustrates a

Answer 18

Negative correlation

Question 19

Biff has discovered a correlation of –0.83 between the amount of time his fraternity brothers spend working out in the gym and the number of dates they have during the semester. Based on this information, Biff should conclude that

Answer 19

the more the men work out, the fewer dates they have.

Question 20

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design

Answer 20

Longitudinal

Question 21

Neurons have some similarities with other cells in the human body. Which of the following characteristics is seen in neurons, but not in most other cells?

Answer 21

​The ability to transmit signals to other cells

Question 22

If the myelin sheathing on neurons is absent or removed in a given individual, he or she will exhibit difficulties in speaking, vision, and balance because without myelin the

Answer 22

​speed of neural conduction along critical paths will be too slow.

Question 23

In a resting state, _____ is at a higher concentration outside the cell and ______ is more concentrated inside the cell. At the beginning of an action potential (before the peak of action potential), the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

Answer 23

sodium; potassium; increase

Question 24

A neuron evokes the action potential of another neuron by releasing the __________ into the synapse before they fit into the __________ of the other neuron.

Answer 24

​neurotransmitters; neural receptors

Question 25

Nilam accidentally touches the hot burner on the stove. Sensory information about the pain and heat will be carried to her brain by the __________ nervous system, her heart rate will increase as a result of activation by the __________ nervous system, and when she calms down the __________ nervous system will slow her heart rate down

Answer 25

​somatic; sympathetic; parasympathetic

Question 26

After an accident, Stella was left with brain damage. Now it’s impossible for Stella to study for a test because she can’t keep knowledge in her memory for more than 3 minutes. Stella has most likely damaged her ___________, but she might still be able to learn to _________________.

Answer 26

Hippocampus ; ride a bike

Question 27

Tyra has a brain tumor that affects her language capabilities. When Tyra’s doctor asks her about a picture of a bird, Tyra responds, “Wings in the sky fly high. Soar through air with a suitcase.” Tyra’s fluent but confused response indicates that she most likely suffers damage in her

Answer 27

Wernicke’s area.

Question 28

While waiting to begin his college entrance exam, John becomes nervous. As a result, his medulla begins to functions differently. This will cause a change in h

Answer 28

​heart rate and breathing

Question 29

In the middle school play of “Braintastic,” Joss plays the part of one of the forebrain structures. During her lines, she says, “I am like a relay station. I send signals from the senses to higher levels of the brain to make sense of the information.” Joss is playing the part of the

Answer 29

thalamus.

Question 30

________ is related to Parkinson’s disease.

Answer 30

Dopamine

Question 31

Suppose that the left hemisphere of Jamal’s brain is damaged, but the right hemisphere is left intact. Jamal would be most likely to experience a deficit in his ability to

Answer 31

Converse with friends

Question 32

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Answer 32

Perception; sensation

Question 33

During his adventures around the galaxy, Arthur Dent relied on an earpiece that deciphered all the strange alien languages he heard. Similarly, receptors in the ear encode sound waves into neural activity that the brain can understand, a process called

Answer 33

Transduction

Question 34

You notice movement out of the corner of your eye and you turn in the direction of the movement so that you can “see better.” A squirrel is scurrying away. You could see this only after your head movement allowed you to project the image onto the part of the retina with the highest concentration of __________ called the __________

Answer 34

Cones; fovea

Question 35

While daydreaming, Felix was staring at a yellow school bus. When he then looked at a white wall he saw the color __________. This is best explained by the __________ theory.

Answer 35

blue; opponent-process

Question 36

After an accidence, the doctor told Jason that he may need a(n) ________ implant because his ear is unable to convert sound vibrations into neural activities now

Answer 36

Cochlea

Question 37

Hair cells located near the base of the basilar membrane respond best to ____________ sounds.

Answer 37

High-frequency

Question 38

__________ principles of perception suggests that we are more likely to perceived this as two continuous flowing lines rather than four jagged, broken lines

Answer 38

Gestalt

Question 39

___________ is the name for chemicals that an animal can secret to change another animal’s behavior and physiology

Answer 39

Pheromones

Question 40

Rajesh smells the perfume of his ex-girlfriend and this causes him to feel sad. All of the following structures are involved in Rajesh’s experience except his

Answer 40

Thalamus

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

Answer 41

​An infant gradually stops paying attention to a continuous buzzing noise.

Question 42

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Answer 42

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Question 43

Andre is participating in a psychology study. He is sitting alone in a room and every few seconds a bright light flashes in front of him. When the light flashes, he blinks. After a while, a phone rings right before the flash of light. Soon, Andre blinks when the phone rings. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

Answer 43

Phone ringing

Question 44

Baby Abbey was playing with her favorite toy rattle when her mom dropped an armful of pots and pans behind her. The loud noise made her startle and cry. Subsequently, on seeing her rattle, she cries. However, Mom continues to give Baby Abbey her favorite rattle and doesn’t drop any more pots and pans. We would expect that Baby Abbey’s crying when seeing the rattle would now

Answer 44

Extinguish

Question 45

Five-year-old Sandrine jumps and cringes every time she hears thunder. Soon she cringes when she sees lightning because she knows that thunder will follow. One day when she is at her first fireworks show, she cringes when she sees the flash of light from the first fireworks in the sky. Sandrine is displaying

Answer 45

Stimulus generalization

Question 46

Lois and Peter want to teach Brian, their dog, to fetch the newspaper. Lois wants to encourage Brian’s behavior when he brings in the newspaper. Peter wants to discourage Brian’s behavior when he brings in a stick instead. Lois will most likely use __________, and Peter will most likely use __________.

Answer 46

reinforcers; punishment

Question 47

Eve breaks stuff when she gets angry. Whenever Eve begins breaking things, her parents stop what they are doing and pay attention to her. Now, Eve breaks things more than ever. Apparently, her parents’ attention serves as a __________ for Eve’s behavior

Answer 47

Positive reinforcer

Question 48

Art has doting parents who praise him every time he sits down and studies. Ben has parents who praise him every now and then when he studies. A learning theorist would predict that if both sets of parents stopped giving encouragement for studying, __________ would continue studying longer because behaviors rewarded on a __________ schedule persist longer

Answer 48

Ben; partial

Question 49

Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it hard to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days, he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a __________ reinforcement schedule.

Answer 49

Variable ratio

Question 50

Herbert, the rat, is put in a cage that is chilly. He operates in the environment by moving around the cage and bar-pressing. He discovers that moving around and bar-pressing have no impact on the temperature of the cage or anything else. Soon, Herbert stops moving around the cage at all, and when the temperature could be controlled through bar-pressing, he doesn’t figure it out. Herbert is experiencing

Answer 50

learned helplessness.

Question 51

Cinderella is excited about meeting a potential husband at the ball. Her ideal suitor would have some of the following attributes: tall, dark, handsome, rich, and good taste in glass slippers. At the ball, she hooks up with Prince Charming, who has all of these features. Cinderella’s set of characteristic features for her potential husband is called a __________ concept, and Prince Charming is a _________

Answer 51

Natural; prototype

Question 52

Gabriel is just beginning to speak in words. He says “Daddy!” and “Car.” Gabriel is most likely __________ old

Answer 52

12-15 months

Question 53

Genie was unable to learn language in her teens after being isolated without language until that time. Genie’s difficulty is evidence for a

Answer 53

​critical period in language acquisition.

Question 54

Many people believe that there are more deaths in the United States each year due to tornadoes than deaths due to asthma, even though asthma kills more people. This mistaken belief is due in part to the reports of tornadoes being more vivid. This is an example of how our judgments are affected by

Answer 54

the availability heuristic

Question 55

Jaycilyn thinks that she can get a three-bedroom apartment near campus for $250/month. Marty tells her that he saw many advertised for $600/month. Jaycilyn changes her original estimate, and now thinks that she can get an apartment for $300/month. Jaycilyn’s revised estimate is affected by the __________ heuristic

Answer 55

Anchoring

Question 56

Luis is on the jury for a highly publicized murder case. After hearing the prosecution’s evidence, he has decided that the defendant is guilty. The defense provides several witnesses that place the defendant at a party during the time of the murder. However, Luis ignores this evidence and continues to believe that the defendant is guilty. Which of the following obstacles to problem solving is operating?

Answer 56

Confirmation bias

Question 57

Benji received a $50 bonus this month because he had the highest sales at work. He liked the bonus, but in Benji’s view it didn’t compensate for his $50 speeding ticket. Benji’s feelings are best described by

Answer 57

Loss aversion

Question 58

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 58

Practical

Question 59

In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence

Answer 59

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Question 60

In modern IQ testing, someone with an IQ of 65 would be described as________

Answer 60

Cognitive delayed

Question 61

In the process of learning the specific techniques of his job, Arlen will need to keep this new information in his memory for a long time. This part of the memory process is known as

Answer 61

Storage

Question 62

“The best Illini basketball game I ever went to was against Michigan State, back in 1998,” said Brent. “There was a fight, and the Illini won by about 20 points.” Brent’s recollection is an example of a(n) __________ memory.

Answer 62

Episodic

Question 63

Ken asked Rachel what time she ate for lunch today. Rachel recalled the information quite easily. Information like this is processed through __________

Answer 63

Automatic encoding

Question 64

When Frances went to work this morning, she checked her voice mail. Her boss had left her a message outlining twenty-six tasks she needed to complete. Unfortunately, the message was accidentally deleted after Frances listened to it once. Because she did not write down the tasks as she listened to the message, how many of the tasks will Frances most likely remember?

Answer 64

5-9

Question 65

Liora opens a phonebook and tries to memorize the number of a Chinese restaurant. As she just reads the number once, each number remains in her __________ memory for about only _______, just long enough for her to take out her phone and dial the number.

Answer 65

short-term; 18-20 seconds

Question 66

Marcie was injured in a brutal car accident. After the injury, she can no longer form new memories about things like the people she meets and the story she just heard. However, she can still learn to swim or ride a bike. It may be because her __________ is intact

Answer 66

Cerebellum

Question 67

Marcie found that remembering her ATM card number and pin number was much easier when she grouped the twelve numbers into sets of threes instead of trying to remember twelve separate numbers. What technique is Marcie using to extend her short-term memory capacity?

Answer 67

Chunking

Question 68

The DC Sniper case we discussed in class demonstrates the fact that our memories are vulnerable to the power of _______________.

Answer 68

Suggestibility

Question 69

Kari is studying French vocabulary words. If Kari forgets this material, the largest part of her forgetting will occur within __________ of learning the material.

Answer 69

the first a few hours

Question 70

A _________ is any environmental agent that cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus

Answer 70

teratogen

Question 71

Shaina thought that her brother turned in to a monster, when in fact he just put on his monster Halloween mask and costume. Piaget would say that Shaina is probably ________ years old and in the __________ stage

Answer 71

4; Pre-operational

Question 72

A child sees a piece of bread go down in a toaster, then turns away believing it no longer exists. According to Piaget, this child has not yet achieved __________ and is in the __________ stage of cognitive development

Answer 72

​object permanence; sensorimotor

Question 73

Mom told Jeremy: “Ben burnt himself by touching an ice cream. Would Jim burn himself by touching the same ice cream?” Jeremy responded: “That sounds insane but…yes.” Jeremy is most likely in Piaget’s ___________ stage of cognitive development and is likely ________ years old.

Answer 73

formal operational; 15

Question 74

While at the dentist office, Judith leaves her infant son Patrick for a few minutes with the nurse while she uses the restroom. To the nurse’s surprise, Patrick didn’t cry at all when his mom was gone. Upon her return, Patrick does not pay any attention to Judith. Based on this interaction, one could surmise that Patrick has developed a(n) __________ attachment style

Answer 74

Avoidant

Question 75

Trina’s parents only allow her to watch TV whenever she makes an A on a test. One day, Trina came home with a B, begging her parents to let her watch the finale of her favorite cartoon show. Her parents did not only deny but also banned her from hanging out with friends for two weeks. Her parents’ parenting style would most likely be called __________.

Answer 75

authoritarian

Question 76

According to Erik Erikson, each of us has to go through _______ stages in our lifespan

Answer 76

8

Question 77

Tina’s car was towed after being parked on a snow route. She complained that the tow violated her principles of universal justice and fairness. Her friend Dave argued that although the street was completely plowed, Tina technically violated the law and deserved a ticket. According to Kohlberg, Dave’s moral reasoning is most likely at the __________ level.ch psychologist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

Answer 77

Conventional

Question 78

Early maturing boys are ________.

Answer 78

at a higher risk of substance abuse and early sexual activities

Question 79

Between 3-5 yo, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own. This is known as __________.

Answer 79

Theory of mind

Question 80

The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways are known as ________

Answer 80

Personality

Question 81

You have begun to feel guilty because you are sometimes rude to your roommate. A little voice keeps telling you that you should always be polite and should never hurt another person’s feelings. According to Freud, this little voice most likely comes from your

Answer 81

Superego

Question 82

Janine is a smoker. She also bites her nails when getting nervous. According to Freud, Janine is suffering from a fixation at the __________ stage of development

Answer 82

Oral

Question 83

According to Freud, Justin, who is 5 years old, may develop sexual feellings toward his mother, because he is in the ________stage of psychosexual development, when the ______ is the genital area

Answer 83

Phallic ; erogenous zone

Question 84

Which of the following psychologists is not a Neo-Freudian?

Answer 84

Hans Eysenck

Question 85

Self-regulation is also known as ________, and was studied in the _________

Answer 85

will power, marshmallow study

Question 86

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: _______

Answer 86

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Question 87

__________ refers to one’s confidence that about his or her ability, and this concept was first proposed by __________.

Answer 87

Self-efficacy; Albert Bandura

Question 88

According to Rotter’s expectancy theory, a person’s decision to engage in a behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen following the behavior and by

Answer 88

how valuable the outcomes are.

Question 89

Xiao-Ping is an internal according to Rotter. Today, she received a $10,000 raise from her boss. She will most likely believe that she got the raise because

Answer 89

she is a hard worker

Question 90

After reading the Henry Potter books, Dawn describes Henry Potter as insightful, original, curious, and intellectual, as well as generous, kind, considerate, and forgiving. According to the five-factor personality model, Henry is high in __________ and high in ________.

Answer 90

openness to experience; agreeableness

Question 91

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Answer 91

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

Question 92

As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior

Answer 92

situational factors

Question 93

Zewde is usually very friendly and outgoing. She is typically polite to others and always leaves a large tip when she goes out to eat. Earlier today, however, you saw her yell at a waiter at a local restaurant. You also noticed that other customers yelled at this waiter. You are likely to make a(n) __________ attribution for Zewde’s behavior.

Answer 93

External

Question 94

Pierre received an A on his first calculus test and bragged about how smart he is at math. On his second calculus test, he received a C and complained about how hard the professor made the exam. Pierre’s attributions about his grades best illustrate

Answer 94

self-serving bias.

Question 95

Which two psychologists conducted the Stanford prisoner study and conformity study?

Answer 95

Dr. Zimbardo; Dr. Asch

Question 96

Jim and Bob both have negative attitudes toward review sessions. Jim’s instructor explains that review sessions can help to focus study efforts. Jim thinks carefully about this explanation and then changes his attitude using the __________ route to attitude change. Bob’s instructor also tells him that review sessions are useful. Bob doesn’t think much about the explanation, but he is impressed by his instructor’s confidence and thinks that she is very intelligent so he changes his attitude using the __________ route to attitude change.

Answer 96

central; peripheral

Question 97

Kelvin says that he thinks that smoking is wrong. One time, he takes a drag of his roommate’s cigarette. Later, Kelvin feels uncomfortable because his behavior violated his attitude, so he decides that he doesn’t think smoking is so wrong after all. Kelvin’s change of belief can best be explained by __________ theory.

Answer 97

cognitive dissonance

Question 98

We tend to conform to the majority opinion in the group. Which of the following technique can be used to reduce conformity?

Answer 98

Make private responses instead of public ones

Question 99

Simeon has met only one person from Canada in his whole life, and that person was arrogant and shrewd. Simeon now doesn’t talk to any Canadians. This phenomenon is best described as

Answer 99

discrimination

Question 100

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and they both believe that they would like to make the relationship long-term. However, they do not feel the passion they have felt when they just met. Their love is called ________ love.

Answer 100

companionate

Question 101

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

Answer 101

When it comes to marriage, women prefer smart spouses more than men do.

Question 102

If group members modify their opinions to align with a perceived group consensus, then ________ has occurred.

Answer 102

groupthink