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Block 12 Ellen > L19: The ear and hearing > Flashcards

L19: The ear and hearing Flashcards

1
Q

frequency=

A

number of waves per second

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2
Q

what is the human frequency range

A

20-20,000

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3
Q

what is intensity

A

amplitude of the pressure change

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4
Q

which part of the temporal bone is the ear in

A

petrous part

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5
Q

3 parts of the outer ear

A
  • pinna
  • external auditory meatus
  • Tympanum
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6
Q

functions of pinna (3)

A
  • funnels sound into ear canal
  • aids in the vertical localisation of sounds
  • filters sound
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7
Q

how long and wide is the external auditory meatus

A

7mm in diameter, 25mm long

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8
Q

where does the external auditory meatus run from

A

auricle to tympanum

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9
Q

what surrounds the first 1/3 of the external auditory meatus

A

cartilage

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10
Q

what surrounds the last 2/3 of the external auditory meatus

A

bone

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11
Q

function of external auditory meatus

A
  • focuses sound energy on eardrum

- amplifies sound corresponding to frequencies of human speech

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12
Q

what shape is the tympanic membrane externally

A

concave

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13
Q

most depressed part of the eardrum=

A

umbo

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14
Q

what bone is attached to the medial tympanic surface

A

malleus

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15
Q

function of tympanic membrane

A

vibrates in response to sound pressure to transmit sound energy

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16
Q

3 ossicles in the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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17
Q

function of the middle ear

A

converts kinetic energy to hydraulic energy in inner ear

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18
Q

where does the stapes sit

A

in the olave window

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19
Q

what is the eustachian tube

A

connects middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

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20
Q

when does the eustachian tube open

A

lowering and protruding the lower jaw

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21
Q

function of the eustachian tube

A

allows pressure equalisation between middle ear and external ear, preventing damage to the tympanic membrane

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22
Q

2 muscles of the middle ear

A
  • tegmen tympani

- stapedius

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23
Q

what does tegmen tympani attach to

A

malleus

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24
Q

what does the stapedius attach to

A

stapes

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25
Q

what does contraction of the middle ear muscles do

A

reduces ability of the ossicles to vibrate and so dampens sound reaching inner ear

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26
Q

acoustic reflex =

A

muscles in the ear contracting in response to high intensity sounds

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27
Q

when in stapedius activated

A

during speaking

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28
Q

when is tegmen tympani activated

A

during chewing

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29
Q

which nerve gives of 2 branches that enter the middle ear cavity

A

the facial nerve (gives off chorda tympani and stapedial nerve)

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30
Q

which nerve runs anteriorly across the pars flaccida of tympanic membrane

A

the chorda tympani

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31
Q

what does the chorda tympani innervate

A

taste buds of 2/3 anterior tongue

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32
Q

what does the stapedial nerve innervate

A

stapedius muscle

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33
Q

what innervates the tegmen tympani

A

mandibular part of trigeminal nerve

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34
Q

where do bones of the skull transmit sound to

A

the inner ear

35
Q

what frequencies do bones transmit

A

lower frequencies

36
Q

how does your own voice sound different

A

it sounds lower to yourself than it is

37
Q

function of the cochlea

A

uses movement of fluid to sense external pressure changes (sound)

38
Q

2 parts of the labyrinth of the inner ear

A
  • bony labyrinth

- membranous labyrinth

39
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth

A

system of tubes and chambers within bony labyrinth filled with endolymph

40
Q

endolymph is high in which ion

A

Na+

41
Q

what separates bony and membranous labyrinth

A

perilymph

42
Q

which is the only area in which membranous labyrinth doesn’t conform to shape of bony part

A

vestibular region

43
Q

what is the cochlea

A

is a coil which makes 2 and 3/4 turns around a bony column

44
Q

3 sections of the cochlea

A
  • scala media
  • scala vestibuli (above)
  • scala tympani(below)
45
Q

what is scala media filled with

A

endolymph

46
Q

what is scala vestibule and scala tympani filled with

A

perilymph

47
Q

what separates scala vestibule and scala media

A

reissner’s membrane

48
Q

what separates scala tympani and scala media

A

basilar membrane

49
Q

what sensory epithelium is on the basilar membrane

A

organ of corti

50
Q

route of pressure wave travel in the cochlea

A

vibrations in the oval window–> along the scala vestibuli in perilymph and back along scala tympani to round window

51
Q

what does pressure wave travel in the perilymph cause

A

displacement of the basilar membrane and vibrations of organ of corti

52
Q

what determines when the pressure waves cross the basilar membrane

A

frequency of the sound

53
Q

where is the basilar membrane most stiff

A

nearest to base of cochlea

54
Q

which frequencies can cross the basilar membrane at the base

A

high frequencies

55
Q

what is tonotopy

A

low pitches sounds at apex and high pitched sounds base

56
Q

what does the organ of corti do

A

transduces pressure waves into action potentials

57
Q

what is contained within the organ of corti

A

auditory receptors with there own hair cells

58
Q

what do outer hair cells do

A

amplify mechanical input to inner hair cells

59
Q

what do inner hair cells do

A

send information to brain stem via spiral ganglion and CN8

60
Q

what can happen to hair cells with excessively loud noise

A

irreversible hair cell damage

61
Q

feature of noise induced hearing loss

A

can be very specific (a few frequencies)

62
Q

auditory pathway mnemonic

A

SLIM

  • Superior olivary complex
  • lateral lemniscus
  • inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
63
Q

where is the auditory cortex located

A

temporal

64
Q

where does partial decussation in the auditory pathway happen

A

between cochlear nuclei and superior olivary complex

65
Q

what does decussation allow

A

inputs from left and right ears to be compared in superior olivary nuclei (SON)

66
Q

what does medial SON do

A

detects differences in the time sounds reach each ear

67
Q

what does lateral SON do

A

detects differences in sound intensity reaching each ear

68
Q

how is high frequency localised

A

difference in sound intensity (lateral SON)

69
Q

how is low frequency localised

A

time differences in each ear (Medial SON)

70
Q

2 type of hearing loss

A

conductive

sensorineural

71
Q

common causes of conductive (5)

A
  • earwax
  • otitis externa
  • perforated ear drum
  • membrane tension
  • otitis media
72
Q

conductive hearing loss=

A

problem conducting sound waves through outer ear, eardrum or middle ear

73
Q

sensorineural hearing loss=

A

problem in cochlea, vestibulocochlear nerve, auditory cortex of brain

74
Q

5 common causes of sensorineural

A
  • congenital
  • measles, Mumps, meningitis, syphilis
  • noise induced
  • trauma
  • ototoxic drugs
75
Q

2 hearing tests

A

rinne

weber

76
Q

what does rinne test measure

A

relative conduction of sound through air and bone

77
Q

how to perform rinne test

A

vibrate tunning fork over auditory canal and then against mastoid process

78
Q

what is normal rinne test result

A

AC>BC

79
Q

conduction hearing loss rinne test=

A

BC> AC

80
Q

sensorineural hearing loss=

A

AC>BC (normal)

-bone and air conduction affected equally

81
Q

how to perform webers test

A

tunning fork held middle of forehead, patient reports which ear hears sound loudest

82
Q

AC>BC and weber lateralizes left=

A

sensorineural loss in right

83
Q

AC>BC and webers lateralizes right=

A

sensorineural loss in left

84
Q

in right ear conductive hearing loss which side will webers lateralise to

A

right (as there is less sound traveling through middle ear so bone conduction sounds louder)

Block 12 Ellen (25 decks)

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