Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Head neck and nUNS > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CSF

A

Filtrate of blood, made in the choroid plexus of the ventricles.
About 500ml produced each day. About 140 ml circulates throughout the subarachnoid space.
Offers mechanical and immunological protection to the brain and spinal cord. Reabsorbed into the venous drainiage of the head via the arachnoid granulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Batson Veins (batson venous plexus)

A

connect the deep pelvic veins and thoracic veins to the internal vertebral venous plexuses. They are contained in the extra-dural space and provide a route of metastases from the deep pelvic region to the vertebral column or brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Artery of Adamkiewicz

A

Supplies the lower third of the spinal cord. Typically comes off the left posterior intercostal artery.
Important clinically because if the aortas is clamped during an aneurysm the artery can collapse, so must be perfused once the clamp is removed to prevent neurological deficit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Epidural

A

not trying to puncture the dura so use a blunt needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lumbar puncture.

A

Done to withdraw CSF, measure the CSF pressure and to administer anti-biotics or chemo. Done at the level of L3/L4, or L4/L5. The supracristal line passes through the level of L4 and can be used as a guide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A-alpha fibres

A

proprioceptors of skeletal muscle.

Lots of myelin, very fast conduction velocities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A-beta fibres

A

mechanoreceptors of skin (tactile sensation). Medium amount of myelin, fast conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A-delta fibres

A

pain and temperature. Little myelin - slower conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

C fibres

A

no myelin, conduct slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway (tactile touch)

A

Projects up via the dorsal forniculus to the brainstem. Reaches the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla and decussates, having curved towards the midline as part of the internal arcuate fibres. Ascend via the medial lemniscus to the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spinothalamic

A

Fibres decussate at the level of the spine. Fibres are a-delta or C.
Ascend in the antero-lateral funiculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Corticobulbar

A

axons project to the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Corticospinal

A

axons project to the motor nuclei in the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Responsible for the motor aspect of speech. Located in frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

auditory association cortex: sensory language area and lexical processing. Temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Corpus striatum

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

striatum

A

caudate and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lentiform nuclei

A

putamen and glbus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

corpus callosum

A

major connection between the two cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pain

A

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nociception

A

neural mechanism by which an individual detects the presence of a potentially tissue harming stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

free-nerve endings

A

pain and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

merkel’s disc

A

touch - mechanical deflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

touch - light touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

vibration

26
Q

ruffini’s endings

A

stretch

27
Q

dermatome

A

region of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

28
Q

Neurogenic inflammation

A

The nociceptor releases neurotransmitters (substance P and CGRP) which induce vasodilation and plasma extravasation, as well as activation of many non-neuronal cells such as mast cells and neutrophils, contributing to inflammation seen

29
Q

Action potential

A

A very brief, but dramatic change in membrane potential. All or nothing response. The depolarisation is linked to increased permeability to sodium ions

30
Q

equilibrium potential

A

the membrane potential where the number of sodium ions entering the cell is equal to the number leaving the cell.
Nernst equation is used to calculate

31
Q

Lidocaine

A

local anaesthetic which is a Na voltage-gated antagonist

32
Q

excitatory post-synaptic potential

A

brings the post-synaptic potential closer to threshold, increasing the probability of post-synaptic cell producing an action potential (Na influx)

33
Q

Temporal summation

A

where a single neuron fires multiple times and these impulses can summate to reach the threshold required to generate an action potential

34
Q

Spatial summation

A

where the signal arrives from multiple sites, allowing the receiving neuron to reach its threshold and achieve an action potential

35
Q

Neural networks can be convergent or divergent

A

Divergence - allows one neuron to communicate with many other neurons in a network
Convergence - allows a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network

36
Q

where does the supra-cristal line pass through?

A

the body of L4. The plans lies at the iliac crest

37
Q

neuroblasts

A

primitive nerve cells

38
Q

mantle layer of the future spinal cord

A

the future grey matter - location of the neuroblast cell bodies

39
Q

marginal layer of the future spinal cord

A

future white matter. Contains the nerve fibres emerging from the neuroblasts in the mantle layer

40
Q

basal plates

A

ventral thickening of the future spinal cord

41
Q

alar plates

A

dorsal thickening of the future spinal cord

42
Q

sulcus limitans

A

boundary between the basal and alar plates

43
Q

what type of cells do the meninges develop from?

A

mesenchymal and neural crest cells

44
Q

what does the prosencephalon become?

A

the telencephalon and diencephalon

45
Q

what does the mesencephalon become?

A

the mid-brain

46
Q

what does the rhombencephalon become?

A

the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

47
Q

telencephalon will become

A

cerebrum

48
Q

diencephalon will become

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, eye cup

49
Q

metencephalon will become

A

pons and cerebellum

50
Q

myelencephalon will become

A

medulla oblongata

51
Q

where do the motor nerve fibres develop from, and when they do they begin to appear

A

develop from the nerve cell bodies located in the ventral horn.
Appear in week 4

52
Q

where do the sensory nerve fibres develop from?

A

originate from the dorsal root ganglia, growing towards the periphery and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Then start to grow into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

53
Q

cell types that the meninges develop from

when do they develop

A

mesenchymal and neural crest cells

days 20-35

54
Q

Hydrocephallus

A

where there is a build-up of CSF in the head/brain. This causes compression of the brain due to build-up of spinal fluid in the ventricles
Treated with a shunt

55
Q

what other symptoms are likely to be visible in Horner’s syndrome?

A

Anhydrosis of the affected side of the face

56
Q

two medical conditions that would cause the R external jugular vein to be distended in a patient

A

R. sided heart failure
Hodgkin’s lymphoma - swollen lymph nodes
Pancoast tumour

57
Q

thoracic duct

A

terminal duct of the lymphatic system - located at the junction between the left subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

58
Q

structures passing through the thoracic inlet

A 
apices of the right and left lung
brachiocephalic 
subclavian arteries and veins
trachea
oesophagus
vagus, sympathetic trunk, phrenic nerves
brachial plexus
59
Q

endoneurium

A

myelin sheath of each axon is wrapped in delicate protective sheath known as the endoneurium

60
Q

perineurium

A

axons targetting the same anatomical location in a nerve as bundled together into fasicles. These are surrounded by a protective sheath know as the perineurium

61
Q

epineurium

A

covering layer of several fasicles that are bundled together. May be bundled with a blood supply and fatty tissue

Head neck and nUNS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions