week 5 Flashcards
The four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue are:
What is their role
What nerve innervates them
superior longitudinal inferior longitudinal transverse vertical muscles of the tongue Role: speech, eating and swallowing Hypoglossal nerve
The extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Geniglossus - originates at the mental symphsis and inserts onto the dorsum of the tongue and the hyoid bone. Functions to depress and protrude the tongue. Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Styloglossus - originates at the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts onto the side of the tongue. Functions to elevate and retract the tongue. Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Hyoglossus - originates at the hyoid bone and inserts onto the side of the tongue. Functions to depress and retract the tongue. Innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Palatoglossus - originates at the palatine aponeurosis and inserts broadly across the posterior of the tongue. Functions to elevate the posterior portion of the tongue. Innervated by the vagus nerve.
which extrinsic tongue muscle elevates and retracts the tongue
styloglossus
which extrinsic tongue muscle depresses and rpotrudes the tongue
genioglossus
which extrinsic tongue muscle depresses and retracts the tongue
hyoglossus
squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue
squamous cell carcinoma derived from the lining epithelium. Established, invasive carcinomas present as raised, nodular lesions that develop central ulceration with a hard, raised edge. Initial lesions are red and generally arise in the floor of the mouth or the soft palate with larger tumours spreading to the lateral aspects of the tongue.
Disease
disorder of structure and/or function
Illness
the expression and experience of ill health. Psychological, social and cultural factors are crucial. Includes how they display it.
Locus of control
the degree to which the person believes that control to influence events resides with themselves or others. Do they believe that the world has to change, not them, or is it all down to them. Not always black and white.
Internal locus of control
believe that the have agency in their behaviour and ability to influence the world about them
o Found to adjust better to illness
o Downsides – can feel very responsible, guilty, self-blame.
o Health-behaviours – will probably have good management as they believe it is their job and that they need to do it, go to appointments etc.
External locus of control
believe that they have little control over events and that outcomes will be determines by others or by fate
o Health behaviours – don’t think it’s their job so might not have as good control as someone with an internal locus of control e.g. diabetes
area of the midbrain that is responsible for the control of pupillary light reflexes
pre-tectal area
area of the midbrain responsible for providing information regarding eye movement
superior colliculi
accomodation
the ability to adjust the strength of the lens, accomplished through the action of the ciliary muscle acting on the suspensory ligaments of the lens
neurotransmitter that is present in high concentrations at the synaptic cleft in darkness
glutamate
age-related macular degeneration
acquired degeneration of the retinal pigmented epithelium and subsequently the neurosensory retina and choroid which results in loss of central vision
therapies for ARMD
Ranibizumab, bevacizumab
These are anti-VEGF drugs
bitemporal hemianopia is caused by?
lesions to the optic chiasm. These can be due to tumours e.g. pituitary adenoma or meningioma, or aneurysms