Disorders of Childhood Flashcards
what
- 1/5 of kids in the US have a diagnosable disorder; boys > girls. Women > men
- Some are stable , some modify into adulthood & some disappear in adulthood
Bullying
- Kids who are bullied are of particular concern (major problem in the minds of most kids): 20% frequently bullied + 70% bullied at least once
- Leads to feelings of humiliation, anxiety + dislike for school
- Cyberbullying is on the rise: 95% have seen it, 40% have experienced it
- issues implicated with bullying: anxiety, sleep probs, somatic symptoms, substance use, suicidal thinking, depression, low self-esteem, phobias, anti-social behaviour
Childhood anxiety disorder
a) Separation anxiety disorder
- severe anxiety when left by mother
- different to school phobia
b) Early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is one of the more common mental illnesses of children and adolescents, with prevalence of 1% to 3%
Childhood depressive disorder
MDD -
a) Children lack the cognitive skills to think about the future etc whoch is normally the cause of depression
b) If the combo of genes & environment is strong enough = still get MDD
c) Triggered by : major life events – losses, divorce abuse, rejection
— Boys = girls; BUT AFTER 13 = girls > boys:
Society
Hormones (also causes weight gain)(girls hate this)
Seem imprisoned by their bodies and have low selfesteem
^^^^ LINK : ED
Bullying? – G more likely to use relational aggression
Bipolar & disruptive mood disorder
- People think its over applied to kids applied to all expolsive kids
- DSM 5 = agreed that it had been overapplied.
a) “disruptive mood dysregulation disorder” – used to describe children with severe patterns of rage
c) This is important because the rise in the number of childhood bipolar diagnoses has lead to an increase in the number of children prescribed adult meds (around a half of kids with bipolar diagnosis receive adult meds)
d) But few of these meds have been tested for children
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Displaying extreme hostility and defiance consistently displayed = ODD. These are often persistently argumentative or defiant, angry OR irritable and in some cases vindictive
- Deliberately argumentative, defiant, angry and resentful
- Boys > girls & after puberty girls = boys
Conduct disorder
- More severe: repeatedly violate the basic rights of others
- Often aggressive and cruel to others/animals. steal things, run away from home, destroy things
- Commit crimes
- As they get older their crimes get worse
- Boys > girls
- ODD and CD are often seen together
- ADHD often seen too
- Females show patterns of more relational aggression: slander, spreading rumours, relation manipulation
Elimination disorders
- Repeatedly urinate/defecate over their clothes, bed or floor — but they should be able to control them
- Must be 5+ to get this diagnosis
- Triggered by stressful events + not by other medications
Neurodevelopmental Disorders emerge when?
- Emerge during birth or during very early childhood and affect an indivuduals behaviour, memory, concentration and/or ability to learn
ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
- At least half of those with ADHD carry some version of it with them through to adulthood
- Great difficulty attending to a task/ are impulsive or behave over actively
- Common to have anxiety or mood problems
- Boys > girls
assessing ADHD
Why is it hard? In assessment?
Hard to assess – why? How can it be assessed?
- ¬give poor descriptions of their symptoms & kids don’t know whats normal
- What’s “over active”
- Societal norms
In assessment:
- Assessed over multiple settings (to see that its not just in one setting)
- Obtain report from teachers and parents
- Clinicians also commonly employ diagnostic interviews, rating scales + tests
Autism spectrum disorder
What, age/gender
a) lack of responsiveness and social reciprocity + communication problems. Display rigid and repetitive activities + become attached to objects.
Motor movements may be unusual – self stimulatory behaviours (hyper/hypo stimulated)
The longer ASD goes undiagnosed the harder they are to reach
Appears @ age of three; can be see @ about 1
Boys > girls
perceptual factors in ASD
- Very high prevalence of sensory atypicalities in autism; Perception – an under-recognised aspect of autism symptomology: hyper/hypo sensitive, sensory seeking.
- in every sensory modality their either hypo/hyper
- Anxiety related to particular types of repetitive behaviours: related to insistence of sameness behaviours (i.e. routines & narrowly focused interests) BUT NOT to repetitive motor behaviours
- Implications for screening
Intellectual disability
WHAT
- Males > females; many display a mild form of the disorder
- General intellectual functioning that’s well below average + poor adaptive behaviour (i.e. poor IQ + struggles with day to day functioning)
- Symptoms must also appear before 18
Assessing intelligence
valid?
- It is the overall score (IQ) that = general intellectual ability
- Are these valid?
a) Strong correlation with IQ and school performance
b) But also, not particularly high in the same respect - Tests are also biased: lowSES have less stuff at home/around them
