STUFF I KEEP FORGETTING

Question 1

METACOG THEORY WHAT

Answer 1

Situation –> worry + anxiety –> positive beliefs about worry (i.e. it’ll help me cope)(may reduce arousal
THEN begin to worry about worry and worry that its becoming uncontrollable (GAD) –> coping mechanisms (suppression) –> ineffective + makes worse

Question 2

cognitive avoidance model WHAT

Answer 2

worry creates & prolongs a negative emotional state to prevent sharp increase in negative emotions
–> internal negative experiences avoided in GAD

**Worry is a Means to sustain physiological arousal **

Question 3

learned helplessness & MDD

Answer 3

• Lack of control is the basis; dont try and help self bc they feel it will fail

NOW REFERED TO AS:
—-“Attribution helplessness theory”—–
attributing their present lack of control to intertal attributes ie “im inadequate at everything” = helpless to outcomes
SOME HAVE SAID THAT THEY ONLY CUASE DEPRESSION WHEN THEY CAUSE HOPELESSNESS IN A PERSON

Question 4

DID and comorbidity

Answer 4

DID can be confused with a number of other mental disorders, including other dissociative
disorders, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder and temporal lobe epilepsy (Osei,
2004). —> not completely formed as a diagnosis but it does extist as a syndrome

Question 5

diathesis stress model SZ what + evidence

Answer 5

genes + environment

a) genes + stress –> high cortisol = inflam = psychosis
b) genes + discrimination/lowSES = SZ
c) genes + family dysfunction = SZ

Question 6

drug maintenance and replacement

Answer 6

• “wouldnt tell a depressed person to just be happy”
• Portugal decriminalized all drugs in response to their drug crisis = more seeking help. WHY? Less fear of talking about criminal activity/embarrassment
• Replacement/maintenance = less deaths + less suffering
• Arresting people = more drug use

Question 7

Marijunana + AN

Answer 7

stop anxiety related thoughts; help slow down thoughts + reason with them
- increases feelings of hunger that are normally oppressed by the anxiety too

Question 8

OCD + DBT

Answer 8

no one looked @
ER- starts w anxiety// some suggest that OCD symptoms  were related to a poor understanding of, and negative reactivity to, emotions. = emotion regulate 
DT - obsessions & compulsions
SS - less alone
mindfulness- live in now NOT what if

Question 9

what are the 6 main PDs retained in the new hybrid model? i.e. that can be derived from it

Answer 9

1. Antisocial PD
2. Avoidant PD
3. Borderline PD
4. Narcissistic PD
5. Schizotypal PD
6. Obsessive compulsive PD
   * *SO if criteria for ^ aren’t met: Personality disorder trait specified

Question 10

does medication provide comprehensive treatment for those with a Dx of a mental illness?

Answer 10

NO:
- SZ only masks the symptoms; avatar tx actually reduces them (like exposure tx = fear and anxiety reduce the dangerousness of the hallucinations)

BUT shows promise elsewhere
- Ketamine tx for depression BUT also for preventing it. Give to those who may be at risk of it? i.e. ED?

Question 11

advantages + limitations of using DSM-5 as a Dx tool?

Answer 11

ADVANTAGES

1) if person needs sectioning
2) closure
3) Tx availability (gender dysphoria)
4) 5>4 cos tries the dimesional approach

DISADVANTAGES

1) Stigma (E.G transvestic disorder)
2) self fulfilling prophecy
3) Dx where it’s undue
4) DISREGARD FOR A LOT OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DSM 5
a. SSD
b. psychosis

Question 12

Dx on social relationships

Answer 12

BPD = overwhelming but might explain the alexythmia & not empathising w them

SZ = relief BUT care giver burnout if no family tx

SSD = cultural diffs. Disregard vs acceptance

Question 13

Overarching PD Models

Answer 13

1. . Psychosocial adversity
2. . Cognitive Model of PDs (e.g., Beck et al., 1990):
   - – Rigid cognitive schema develop over time
   - – Schemas linked to security, autonomy, desirability, self-expression, gratification and self control

Question 14

psychosocial adversity & PD?

Answer 14

People with a diagnosis of personality disorder are more likely to experience or have experienced:

• • Family Breakdown, dysfunctional family environment
• • Parent with mental health problems
• • Abuse or neglect in childhood
• • Substance misuse & associated problems
• • Inadequate mental health service provision

Question 15

Cognitive Model of PDs

Answer 15

• • Dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs are the central problem for diverse sets of attributes and behaviours seen in all PDs
• • CORE COGNITIVE TRIAD:
    1. Maladaptive info about self/future/others
    2. Leads to maladaptive behaviours
    3. Negative consequences which reinforce the initial belief

Question 16

most common cluster?

Answer 16

cluster C avoidant/fearful

A>B

Question 17

Cluster A explanations

Answer 17

Similar to those of SZ

Question 18

Cluster C explanations

Answer 18

cogntive behavioural model:
Avoidant: fail to develop normal social skills
Dependent: parents unintentionally rewarded children’s clinging/“loyal” behavior while punishing independence

Question 19

stability of PDs

Answer 19

might be more mutable than once thought?

- BPD seems to show better improvement year by year

Question 20

narcissism and triad

Answer 20

Views about the world: everyone is inferior to me/ I am entitled to everything b/c I’m so great/ fears of mocking. Blames world for their failure, defeats & “bad luck”
Views about future: thinks world is theirs for the taking/ think they deserve things.
Views about oneself: thinks they’re the best at most things & have “intellectual superiority”

Question 21

types of dysphoria

Answer 21

1) female to male
2a. autogynaphilic –> stereotypically male @ brith and then starts to cross dress and gets aroused at it (like transvestic disorder) & is attracted to females. BUT later on will start to feel more and more like they want to become a female as they get older (what differentiates the two)
2b. androphilic –> female like from birth. Always eanted to be female. Sexually attracted to males (““gay””)