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A & P > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

4 mechanisms by which cells communicate

A

Neurotransmitters (nervous system) Hormones (released into blood stream or other fluids) Gap junctions (direct communication between cells) Paracrines/Local hormones (into tissue, dont last long in blood)

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2
Q

Mediator Molecules- Nervous system V Endocrine system

A

N: Neurotransmitters E:Hormones

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3
Q

Speed and persistence of response: Nervous system V Endocrine system

A

N: Quick response, dont last long E: Slower response, last longer

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4
Q

Site of mediator action: Nervous system V Endocrine system

A

N:Localized, directly into cell E: Wide spread effect

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5
Q

Types of Target cells: Nervous system V Endocrine system

A

N:nerve & muscle cells E: all body cells

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6
Q

Components of endocrine system

A

endocrine glands, hormones, target cells

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7
Q

Endocrine system includes

A

endocrine glands, hormone producing cells in organs such as brain, heart and small intestine

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8
Q

Exocrine Glands (4) things

A

1) secretes into ducts 2)local effect 3)extracellular effect 4) includes salivary and sweat glands

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9
Q

Endocrine Glands (4) things

A

1) ductless 2)secrete into capillaries 3) wide spread effect 4)intracellular effect

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10
Q

Strictly endo glands

A

thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pituitary

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11
Q

endo and exo glands

A

pancrease, ovary and testes, hypothalmus

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12
Q

Tropic Hormone

A

When one hormone triggers another cell to make other hormones.

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13
Q

When hormones bind with receptor cells (5)

A

1)Alteration of plasma membrane permeability/potential (open or close ion channels) 2)stimulates synthesis of proteins or enzymes within target cells 3) activates/deactivates enzymes 4)induces secretory activity 5)stimualtes mitosis

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14
Q

chemistry of hormone determines

A

how it travels through the bloodstream and ho wit interacts with target cells.

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15
Q

Steroid

A

Fat soluble: sex steroids, adrenocortical hormones

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16
Q

different types of hormones

A

Steroids, peptides and glycoproteins, monoamines

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17
Q

Fat soluble hormones

A

Steroids

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18
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Peptides, glycoproteins, monoamines

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19
Q

Water soluble hormones must

A

bind or travel through a receptor on the surface of the cell- fat soluble cells can pass through

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20
Q

Types of receptor binding mechanisms

A

1) plasma membrane receptors 2)intracellular receptors

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21
Q

Plasma membrane receptors are for

A

water soluble hormones (usually work through 2nd messenger receptor)

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22
Q

Intracellular Receptors are for

A

lipid soluble hormones

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23
Q

Lipid soluble requires…..to get through blood stream

A

transport protein

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24
Q

water soluble hormones must ……to get into cell

A

bind to receptors on the exterior surface of the target cell..activating a motor protein (G protein)

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25
Q

How a target cell responds to a hormone is based on 3

A

1)hormones concentration in blood 2)# of hormone receptors on target cell 3)influences exerted by other hormones - synergistic or antagonistic effect

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26
Q

Synergistic effect

A

When certain hormones work more effectively when a second hormone is around to assist them

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27
Q

Antagonistic effect

A

When certain hormones oppose the action of others

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28
Q

Up-regulation

A

increasing the # of receptors on the surface of a cell

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29
Q

Down-regulation

A

Decrease # of receptors to decrease response. Ex: building up a tolerance ex:insulin resistance.

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30
Q

Hormone clearance

A

1) hormone signals must be turned off

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31
Q

MCR of hormone

A

Metabolic Clearance Rate

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32
Q

Half-life

A

time required to clear 50% of hormone

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33
Q

How are hormones cleared 3 steps

A

1)hormone signals are turned off 2)taken up and degraded by liver and kidney 3)excreted in bile or urine

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34
Q

Humoral stimulus

A

Refers to fluids- endocrine gland responds directly to blood chemistry: EX:hypocalcimia

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35
Q

Neural Stimulus

A

neuron sends action potential to endocrine cell to secret hormone EX:sympathetic neurosystem to adrenal medula

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36
Q

Hormonal Stimulus

A

One hormone get secreted to trigger other endocrine organs to secret other hormones

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37
Q

3 ways endocrine glands can be stimulated to secrete hormones

A

1) Humoral stiumulus 2) neural stimulus 3)hormonal stiumulus

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38
Q

Most hormone regulation is achieved via

A

negative feedback

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39
Q

Pituitary Gland is also known as the

A

Hypophysis

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40
Q

Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalmus by

A

a stalk called infudibulum

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41
Q

The pituitary gland sits in the

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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42
Q

The pituitary gland is seperated into two glands

A

1) Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis 2)Posterior pituitary//Neurohypophysis

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43
Q

The Neurohypophysis is made of

A

neurons

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44
Q

The posterior/neurohypophysis originates from

A

Ectoderm

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45
Q

The anterior/adenohypophysis orginates from

A

endoderm

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46
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates the AP using

A

Hormones

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47
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates the PP using

A

nerve impulses/action potentials

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48
Q

AP has a ….. system

A

hypophyseal portal system

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49
Q

PP has a ………tract- axon of neurons

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal

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50
Q

the AP secrets which hormones (7)

A

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, GH, PRL

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51
Q

the PP secrets which hormones (2)

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone/Oxytocin

52
Q

Nuclei that trigger the posterior pituatary

A

1)paraventricular nucleus 2)supraoptic nucleus

53
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Cell sproduced in hypothalamus transported down axons in the secretory vesicles. secrete neurotransmitter into the blood

54
Q

ADH responds to

A

osmotic pressure (dehydration)

55
Q

ADH/vasopressin

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone: conserves body water by decreasing urine volume and water loss through prespiration. Raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

56
Q

Oxytocin stimulation

A

Responds to baby pressing against uterus and baby suckling - milk release

57
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone Stimulation

A

elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration,

58
Q

Words releasing or inhibiting trigger that it is being released from the EX:Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A

hypothalamus

59
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone/thyrotropin

60
Q

What hormone does the thyroid hormone make

A

T3 and T4

61
Q

3 Tropic hormones

A

Gonadotropins (FSH and LH), TSH, ACTH

62
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stiumlating Hormone

63
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

64
Q

ACTH

A

Adreno-cortico-tropic Hormone/Corticotropin

65
Q

What part of the adrenals does ACTH target?

A

the cortex

66
Q

Non Tropic AP Hormones

A

PRL and GH

67
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin (targets mammary glands)

68
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone/Somatotropin

69
Q

Tropic Pathways include which organs

A

Thyroid, testis, ovaries and adrenal cortex

70
Q

oogenesis

A

the development of eggs

71
Q

spermatogenesis

A

when the testes produce sperm

72
Q

Growth Hormone is insulin or anti insulin

A

antiinsulin- growth hormone has a hyperglycemic effect

73
Q

Hypothalmus Anterior lobe is controled by

A

Hormones

74
Q

Hypothalmus Posterior lobe is controlled by

A

Neuroendocrine reflexes

75
Q

which is the largest endocrine organ

A

thyroid

76
Q

Thyroid follicle is made up of

A

cuboidal cells

77
Q

Colloid

A

precursor of thyroid hormone/where the thyroid hormones are produced

78
Q

Follicular cells are stimulated by …and produce…

A

TSH and T3 and T4

79
Q

Parafollicular (C) cells

A

produce calcitonin

80
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium

81
Q

T3 and T4 are synthesized in how many steps

A

8

82
Q

BLANK + BLANK = Thyroid hormone

A

TGB thyroglobulin + Iodine = T3 + T4

83
Q

2 hormones released by thyroid

A

thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and calcitonin

84
Q

Parathyroid hormones are secreted in times of

A

low blood calcium

85
Q

parathyroid hormones are located

A

on the back of the thyroid

86
Q

PTH

A

Parathormone

87
Q

3 thyroid hormones that work together to regulate calcium homeostasis, increase

A

Calcitonin, PTH, calcitriol

88
Q

Calcitriol

A

works to stimulate calcium into the blood - for hypocalcemia

89
Q

Two regions of adrenal glands

A

Cortex and medulla

90
Q

3 regions of the adrenal glands (outside to in)

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

91
Q

Which adrenal zone produces cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata

92
Q

Corticosteroids

A

steroid based hormones

93
Q

zona glomerulosa releases

A

aldosterone, when blood pressure is low, tells kidneys to retain salt therefore water, increasing blood pressure

94
Q

Cortisol stimulates

A

fat + protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood = anti-insulin - hydrocortisone= antinflammatory

95
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

new glucose formation

96
Q

zona reticularis

A

produces androgen / estrogen etc. Sex hormones.

97
Q

adrenal medula is apart of which nervous system

A

autonomic, more specifically sympathetic

98
Q

Pancrease, endo or exocrine?

A

Both but primarily exocrine

99
Q

Islets of langerhans

A

alpha and beta cells

100
Q

which cells in the pancreas produce insulin

A

beta cells

101
Q

Alpha cells produce

A

glucagon

102
Q

Somatostatin (delta cells)

A

regulate beta and alpha cells

103
Q

glucagon V insulin

A

glucagon raises glucose levels(hyperglycemic), insulin lowers glucose levels (hypoglycemic)

104
Q

Insulin is unique because

A

only hormone with hypoglycemic effect

105
Q

Pineal gland is located

A

back of thalmus/epithalmus

106
Q

Thymus Gland is located

A

above your heart

107
Q

Pineal gland produces

A

serotonin by day which converts to melatonin at night.

108
Q

Pineal gland is associated with

A

indirectly receiving information from retinas for our inner clock/ seasons, length of days

109
Q

Thymus secretes

A

thymosin that regulates the development and later activation of T-Lympohcytes = immune system “where t cells mature and get their training”

110
Q

What does heart release with an increase BP

A

ANP=atrial natriuretic peptide

111
Q

Acromegaly

A

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after skeletal maturity

112
Q

lack of ADH=

A

diabetes insipidus - increase urination losing fluid and electrolytes

113
Q

SIADH

A

not urinating enough

114
Q

creatinism

A

infant hypothyroidism

115
Q

myxedema

A

adult hypothyroidism

116
Q

Endemic goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland, lack of dietary iodine - when the TSH comes to the thyroid, colloid is built up but without iodine we build build hormone

117
Q

Graves Disease

A

automimmune hyperthyroid toxic goiter- antibodies mimic TSH and bind to TSH receptors and massively produces thyroid hormone. Dont respond to negative feedback

118
Q

pathomnemonics

A

symptoms that are undeniable

119
Q

exothalmos

A

graves disease evidence, bulging of the eyes

120
Q

Cushing syndrom

A

hypercortisolism

121
Q

Cushing syndrome with ACTH secretion =

A

cushing diseases

122
Q

Addisons disease

A

hypocorticolism

123
Q

osmotic diuresis

A

too much glucose in the blood, increase urination

124
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune destruction of B cells

125
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance

A & P (12 decks)

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