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A & P > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

1
Q

the heart is located

A

in mediastinum between second and 5th rib

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

fluid filled buffer where heart sits, reduces friction anchors to surrounding structures

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3
Q

visceral layer of pericardium

A

secrets paricardial fluid, direct layer of pericardium on surface of heart

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4
Q

Parietal layer of pericardium

A

outter layer

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5
Q

Epicardium

A

viscleral layer of pericardium

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6
Q

myocardium

A

muscle part of heart

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7
Q

endocardium

A

squamous layer of endothelium

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8
Q

pericarditis

A

creaking sound, inflammation of pericardium

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9
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

creaking noise

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10
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

excess fluid sometimes compresses heart

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11
Q

cardiac skeleton

A

crisscrossing, interlacing, layer of conective tissue - non conductive tissure, help contains electrical spread of electrical activity

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12
Q

right side of the heart

A

receives blood from the body - doxygenated

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13
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

right side of heart, pumps blood to lungs then to left side

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14
Q

left side of heart

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs, pumps to body tissues via systemic circuit

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15
Q

pulmonary arteries go to the

A

lungs

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16
Q

pulmonary artery is the only artery that contains

A

deoxygenated blood

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17
Q

pulmonary veins are one of the only veins that contain

A

oxygenated blood

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18
Q

largest artery in the body

A

aeorta

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19
Q

systemic circuit

A

left side of the heart

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20
Q

two superior chambers that receive blood

A

atria

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21
Q

two inferior chmabers that pump blood out

A

ventricles

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22
Q

interatrial septum

A

seperates atria

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23
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart

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24
Q

interventricular septum

A

seperates ventricels

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25
Q

auricles

A

flaps that increase atrial volume, extension of atrial

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26
Q

three veins empty into right atrium

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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27
Q

Blood that comes in from the head and superior cavities enter in the heart through the

A

superior vena cava

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28
Q

blood from lower extremenies/ anywhere from below the heart

A

inferior vena cava

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29
Q

vein that pumps blood from the heart itslef

A

coronary sinus

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30
Q

right ventricle v left ventricle

A

right is anterior, left is posteroinferior

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31
Q

trabeculae carnea

A

irregular ridges of muscle walls, meaty

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32
Q

papillary muscles

A

pull on chordae tendinea attached to valves to keep them shut

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33
Q

vintricles are the …. of the heart

A

pumps

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34
Q

right ventricle pumps blood into

A

pulmonary trunk/lungs

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35
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in the body) throughout the entire body

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36
Q

which ventricle has a thicker wall/myocardium

A

left ventricle

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37
Q

purpose of the fibrous skeleton

A

insulator (not conductive) divides atria and ventricles, prevents signaling from getting from the atria to the ventricle too soon, allowing ventricle to fill up.

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38
Q

heart valves open and close in response to

A

pressure

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39
Q

heart valves ensure what type of blood flow through the heart

A

unidirectional

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40
Q

where are the atrioventricular valves located between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valve

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41
Q

atrioventricular valve on right side of heart

A

tricuspid valve (3 cusps)

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42
Q

atrioventricular valve on the left side of heart

A

mitral valve/bicuspid valve

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43
Q

chordae tendineae anchor

A

cusps to papillary muscles, hold valves flaps closed

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44
Q

semilunar SL valves

A

prevent backflow into ventricles when ventricles relax, open and close in response to pressure

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45
Q

names of two SL valves

A

aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve

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46
Q

incompetent valve

A

valve doesnt close all the way

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47
Q

valvular stenosis

A

valve doesnt open all the way

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48
Q

Pulmonary circuit with valves

A

right atrium–>tricuspid valve –>right ventricle–>pulmonary semilunar valve –>pulmonary trunk —>pulmonary arteries—> lungs—>pulmonary veins –>left atrium

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49
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left atrium–>mitral valve–>left ventricle—>aortic semilunar valve–>aorta–systemic circulation

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50
Q

Coronary sinus

A

largest vein in the heart where all the blood collects

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51
Q

full blood circuit

A

superior and inferior vena cava–>right atrium–>right ventricle –>pulmonary trunk –>lungs –>four pulmonary veins –>left atrium–>left ventricle —>aorta

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52
Q

what type of circulation is pulmonary circuit

A

short, low-pressure circulation

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53
Q

what type of circulation is systemic circuit

A

long, high friction circulation

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54
Q

what is the coronary circulation

A

hearts own blood supply

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55
Q

which side of the body receives most of the blood supply

A

left ventricle, when relaxed

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56
Q

arteries aries from

A

base of aorta

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57
Q

coronary sinus drains into

A

right atrium

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58
Q

left coronary artery branches

A

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex - supplies left part of the heart

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59
Q

right coronary artery branches

A

right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery supplies right atrium and right ventricle

60
Q

heart is aerobic or anerobic

A

aerobic but occasion uses anerobic energy

61
Q

angiogram

A

test where you can see how blood flows

62
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain because of blood deficiency

63
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack due to prolonged coronary blockage

64
Q

differences in heart muscle and skeletal muscle

A

heart cells are shorter, no terminal systema, only 1 nucleus,

65
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Juctions between cells - anchor cardiac cells

66
Q

intercalated discs are made of

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

67
Q

gap junctions allow ions to

A

pass from cell to cell; electrically couple adjacent cells

68
Q

3 differences between heart and skeletal muscle

A

1) heart has no need for nervous system stimulation 2)cadimyocutes contact as unit or none do, 3) long absolute refractory period, prevents tentanic contactions

69
Q

Depolirization is due to BLANK influx through channels

A

CA while heart is NA

70
Q

Pacemaker potential is stimulated by

A

sympathetic increase

71
Q

pacemaker cells are also called

A

autorhythmic cells

72
Q

3 parts of action potential

A

pacemaker potential, depolarization, repolirization

73
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

repolarization closes K+ channels and opens slow Na+ channels

74
Q

depolarization

A

Ca channels open –>huge influx –>rising phase of action potential

75
Q

repolarization

A

K+ channels open –>efflux of K+

76
Q

3 similarities among cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

1)depolarization opens few voltage-gated fast NA+ channels in sarcolemma 2)depolarization wave down t tubules —>sr to release CA 3)excitation-contraction coupling occurs (CA2 binds to troponin, filaments slide)

77
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node (SA)

78
Q

sinus rhythm

A

the average rhythm generated by the SA node at 75X a minute

79
Q

if SA node quits working, what takes place

A

atrioventricular node

80
Q

Internodal pathway

A

the stimulation of depolarization from the SA node to the AV node

81
Q

Bundle of HIS is also known as the

A

AV bundle

82
Q

Conductive system of the heart pathway

A

SA node –>AV node–>AV bundle/bundle of HIS–> bundle branches –>subendocardial conducting network /purkinje fibers —>cardiac muscle

83
Q

arrhythmias

A

irregular heart rhythms

84
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions, circulation ceases, brain death

85
Q

Ectopic focus

A

abnormal pacemaker

86
Q

junctional rhytm

A

when AV node takes over, 40-60 beats

87
Q

extrasystole

A

premature contraction

88
Q

ectopic focus - from caffeine, drugs etc

A

sets high heart rate

89
Q

heart block

A

signal from SA node doesn’t get through to AV node leading to ventricles beating at their own rate, causes artificial pacemaker

90
Q

cardiac center in the brain

A

medulla oblongata

91
Q

what is cardioacceleratory center

A

sympathetic pathway to accelerate heart

92
Q

cardioinhibitory center

A

vagus nerve to heart

93
Q

ECG/EKG

A

measures electrical activity of the heart

94
Q

P wave

A

depolarization SA node –> atria

95
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

96
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

97
Q

3 waves of an EKG

A

p wave, QRS complex, T wave

98
Q

following depolarization

A

contraction, at the R

99
Q

when the SA nod eis nonfunction

A

p waves are absent

100
Q

systole

A

contraction

101
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

102
Q

with atrial systole (contraction), there is ventricular

A

diastole (relaxation)

103
Q

with ventricular systole (contraction) there is atrial

A

diastole (relaxation)

104
Q

during atrial systole

A

atrial pressure increases

105
Q

to push valves open pressure in the ventricle needs to

A

overcome the pressure in the atrial

106
Q

S1 sound occurs

A

right after atrial contract and valves are closed, closing AV valves - pushing blood down into ventricles

107
Q

S2 sound occurs

A

when the blood tries to come back in and the valves close — ventricular ejection OR backflow of blood in aorta nad pulmonary trunk closes SL valves

108
Q

stroke volume

A

how much blood is pumped out

109
Q

how 100% blood reaches ventricles

A

80% passively flows, 20% atrial systole occurs delivering remaining 20%

110
Q

EDV- end diastolic volume

A

volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole

111
Q

Isovolumetric contraction phase

A

all 4 valves are closed, pressure is building but hasnt pumped it out

112
Q

ejection phase

A

blood being squirted out through vessels

113
Q

ESV (end systolic volume)

A

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole

114
Q

Start with e – end with e–

A

end diastolic volume, end systolic volume

115
Q

Isovolumetric relaxation

A

early diastole, ventricles relax, atria relaxed and filling

116
Q

when atrial pressure exceeds that in ventricles –>

A

AV valves open, cycle beings again at step 1

117
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventrice in one minute

118
Q

CO= blank X blank

A

heart rate (# beats per minute) X stroke volume (volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat

119
Q

normal CO

A

5.25 L per minute

120
Q

cardiac reserve

A

difference between resting and maximal CO

121
Q

CO blank in trained athletes

A

increases

122
Q

SV= blank - blank

A

EDV (what you start with in the ventricles) - ESV (what you end with in the ventricles)

123
Q

3 main factors that affect SV

A

preload, contractility and afterload

124
Q

EDV is affected by

A

length of ventricular diastole and venous pressure

125
Q

ESV is affected

A

by arterial BP and fore of ventricular contraction.

126
Q

preload (1 affect of SV)

A

degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before the contract (frank starling law of heart)

127
Q

venous return

A

most important factor stretching cardiac muscle, amount of blood returning to heart

128
Q

contractility

A

contraile strength at given muscle length, independent of muscle stretch and EDV, increased by sympathetic stimulation.

129
Q

positive inotropic agents

A

increase contractility

130
Q

negative inoropic agents

A

decrease contractility

131
Q

afterload

A

pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood, increased by hypertension –> decreasing SV

132
Q

3 phases of cardiac cycle

A

1) Ventricular filling 2) Ventricular systole 3) Isovolumetric relaxation

133
Q

Two factors that control heart rate

A

positive or negative chronotropic agents

134
Q

Positive chronotopic agents

A

sympathetic nervous system

135
Q

negative chronotopic agents

A

parasympathetic nervous system

136
Q

cardiac output in influenced by

A

stroke volume and heart rate

137
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast, over 100 beats per minute

138
Q

bradycardia

A

heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute

139
Q

endurance training may lead to increased efficiency by:

A

increased stroke volume and decreased heart reate

140
Q

congestive heart failure

A

cardiac output is low, not getting enough o2 and nutrients to your heart.

141
Q

pulmonary congestion

A

left heart failure, everything backs up in lungs

142
Q

peripheral congestion

A

ride side fails, blood pools in body organs and edema

143
Q

foramen ovale (hole)

A

connects two atria , remnant is fossa ovalis

144
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connect pulmonary trunk to aorta

145
Q

P-R interval

A

beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation

146
Q

S-T Segment

A

entire ventricular myocardium depolarized

147
Q

Q-T interval

A

Beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization

A & P (12 decks)

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