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Y3 FOPC > Tutorial 1 > Flashcards

Tutorial 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

study of nature and type of illness in a society using numerical science

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2
Q

what is the ratio of determining epidemiology?

A

number of events/ population at risk

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3
Q

what can epidemiological data be used for?

A

assist making diagnosis
ensure high quality services
assess decisions in which services are required for prevention and diagnosis

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4
Q

what can epidemiology be used to detect or determine?

A

can determine aetiological clues
scope of prevention of a disease
identify high risk groups

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5
Q

state some sources of epidemiological data?

A 
mortality data
NHS expenditure 
household surveys 
hospital activity data
social security data 
disease registers 
cancer statistics
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6
Q

what are the three aims of epidemiology?

A

description - incidence, prevalence
explantation - relative risk, actual risk
disease control - advice on treatments and prevention

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7
Q

what is incidence ?

A

number of new cases of a disease at one point in time

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8
Q

what is prevalence ?

A

number of people with a disease over a period of time

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9
Q

what disease has high incidence but low prevalence?

A

motor neuron disease

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10
Q

what disease has low incidence and low prevalence?

A

ebola

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11
Q

what influences prevalence?

A

cure of disease or death

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12
Q

what is relative risk?

A

the strength of association between a risk factor and a disease

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13
Q

what is actual risk?

A

the probability of disease as a result of a specific risk factor

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14
Q

what is the ratio used for relative risk?

A

disease in exposed group/ disease in unexposed group

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15
Q

state some types of studies?

A 
descriptive studies 
cross sectional studies 
case control study
cohort study 
randomised control trial
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16
Q

what is a descriptive study?

A

description of amount and distribution of disease in a population at one point in time
- follow the TIME, PLACE, PERSON framework

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17
Q

what are some benefits of descriptive studies?

A

cheap, quick, easy
generates hypothesis of aetiology
assesses need for health services
identifies emerging public health problems

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18
Q

what is a prospective study?

A

looking forward in time

- cohort study

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19
Q

what is a retrospective study?

A

looking back in time

- case control study

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20
Q

what is a cross sectional study?

A

observations made at one point in time

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21
Q

describe a case control study?

A

two groups of people are studied, one group with the disease in question and the other group free of the disease in question.
studying the risk factor exposure in each of the two groups can provide information on what factors increase risk of disease

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22
Q

what is a cohort study?

A

a group of disease free individuals are followed up over time to determine if exposure to a risk factor influences the risk of disease
after a significant amount of time when sufficient number of people have developed the disease in question the exposure to risk factors are analysed

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23
Q

what study is used to determine relative risk?

A

case control studies

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24
Q

out of case control and cohort studies which one is more powerful?

A

cohort

25
Q

what is a randomised control trial?

A

used in the trial of a new medication
a study group is given the new medication and the control group are given the standard treatment to determine if the new medication reduces the incidence of disease

26
Q

what are some disadvantages of randomised control trials?

A 
costly 
selection bias 
can't address all research questions 
limited by people giving consent 
may lead to false negative conclusions
27
Q

what is the gold standard RCT type?

A

double blind RCT

28
Q

what interpreting results what are some factors to be considered?

A 
standardisation 
standardised mortality ratio 
case definition 
quality of data 
coding and classification 
ascertainment
29
Q

what is standardisation?

A

remove effects of differences in age and other variables when comparing two or more populations

30
Q

what is standardised mortality ratio? (SMR)

A

standardised death rate is converted into a ratio for easy comparison

31
Q

what does a SMR of 120 mean?

A

20% more deaths

32
Q

what does SMR of 80 mean?

A

20% less deaths

33
Q

what problems could arise with the case definition?

A

different doctors not meaning the same thing regarding medical terms

34
Q

what is ascertainment ?

A

important to consider the data is complete

35
Q

what are the different types of bias?

A

information
selective
systematic
follow up

36
Q

what is information bias?

A

errors when collecting data

37
Q

what is selection bias?

A

the people chosen for the study may not accurately represent the whole study population

38
Q

what is follow up bias?

A

when more effort is made to follow up certain people in the study and some people aren’t followed up

39
Q

what is systematic bias?

A

when there is a tendency for measurements to fall on one side of the true value

40
Q

what is a confounding factor?

A

a factor which independently influences the risk factor and the disease in question so influences the relationship between the risk factor and disease in question

41
Q

state some common confounding factors?

A

age
social class
smoking
sex

42
Q

state some ways to deal with confounding factors?

A

randomisation of trials
restriction of eligible criteria
group people with similar confounding factors together
results can be adjusted to take into account the confounding factor

43
Q

what is criteria for causality ?

A

the difficulty proving the causation of a risk factor and disease

44
Q

what is the criteria for causality ?

A 
strength of association 
consistency 
specificity 
temporality 
biological gradient 
biological plausibility 
coherence 
analogy 
experiment
45
Q

what is the absolute criterion for causality ?

A

temporality

46
Q

what is temporality ?

A

the risk factors came before the disease

47
Q

what is strength of association measured in ?

A

relative risk, odds ratio (ad/cb)

48
Q

what is consistency ?

A

repeated observation in different populations

49
Q

what is biological gradient?

A

as exposure increases the risk of disease increases

50
Q

what is biological plausibility?

A

the association agrees with the disease biology

51
Q

what is coherence?

A

the association doesn’t not conflict with the disease biology

52
Q

what is analogy?

A

another exposure-disease relationship exists which can act as a model for this one

53
Q

what is an audit?

A

quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes

54
Q

what are the steps of preforming an audit?

A
  1. identify problem
  2. set criterion and standards
  3. data collection - avoiding bias
  4. compare data with criterion and standards
  5. implement changes
  6. re audit
55
Q

what are the steps of performing a case control study?

A
  1. define case definition
  2. determine how many case and controls are required
  3. identify cases (same population with the disease)
  4. identify control (should be from the same population)
  5. decide on exposure data to be collected
  6. collect data (avoiding bias)
  7. analysis the data using standardised techniques
56
Q

what % of adverse events lead to disability or death?

A

33%

57
Q

what does SIGN stand for?

A

scottish intercollegiate guidelines network

58
Q

what are the stages of the Gibbs cycle?

A 
description 
feelings 
evaluation 
analysis 
conclusion 
action plan

Y3 FOPC (8 decks)

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