B5

Question 1

what is a communicable disease?

Answer 1

-diseases that can be spread

Question 2

what did Louis pasteur show in the mid to late 19th century?

Answer 2

that microorganisms cause disease.

-he developed vaccines against diseases such as rabies

Question 3

the trachea and bronchi as a defence line your body has against the entry of pathogens

Answer 3

• your trachea and bronchi also secrete mucus that traps pathogens from the air.
• cilia move to push the mucus up to the back of your throat where it is swallowed

Question 4

how are pathogen spread?

Answer 4

• Direct contact
• Air(droplet infection)
• Water

Question 5

internal defences(the immune system)

Answer 5

-your white blood cells help to defend you against pathogens by ingesting them and by making antibodies and antitoxins

Question 6

fungal diseases in humans and plants

Answer 6

• there are few fungal diseases that affect people(athletes foot)
• fungal diseases are most common in plants and can be devastating

Question 7

the skin as a defence line your body has against the entry of pathogens

Answer 7

• your skin covers your body and acts as a barrier

- it produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogenic bacteria

Question 8

in plants what are the most common pathogens?

Answer 8

viruses and fungi

Question 9

What is health?

Answer 9

A state of physical and mental well-being

Question 10

gonorrhoea(bacterial disease)

Answer 10

-sexually tansmitted disease(STD)
symptoms include discharge from the penis and vagina and the pain on urination
-treatment involves antibiotics, although many strains are now resistant
-use of condoms prevents spread

Question 11

Joseph Lister started use antiseptic chemicals to destroy pathogens before they caused infection in operating theatres

Answer 11

Joseph Lister started use antiseptic chemicals to destroy pathogens before they caused infection in operating theatres

Question 12

What are communicable diseases caused by?

Answer 12

Microorganisms called pathogens which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protests

Question 13

diseases caused by protists

Answer 13

• they are relatively rare pathogens but the diseases they cause are often serious and damagin to those infected
• isually involve a vector

Question 14

bacterial disease in plants

Answer 14

• there are relatively few bacterial diseases of plants
• agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown galls-a mass of unspecialised cells that often grow at the joint between the root and the shoot in infected plants

Question 15

different types of diseases may and often do interact(one problem can make another worse)

Answer 15

different types of diseases may and often do interact(one problem can make another worse)

Question 16

the stomach as a defence line your body has against the entry of pathogens

Answer 16

-the stomach produces acid and this destroys the microorganisms in the mucus you swallow and you take in through your mouth

Question 17

the nose as a defence line your body has against the entry of pathogens

Answer 17

-your nose hairs and mucus trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens or irritate your lungs

Question 18

hiv/aids(viral disease)

Answer 18

• initially causes flu-like illness
• virus then attacks the body’s immune cells
• body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers
• spread by sexual contact or by the exchange of body fluids(blood)

Question 19

tobacco mosaic virus(viral disease)

Answer 19

• spread by contact and vectors
• damages leaves and reduces photosynthesis
• no treatment
• spread is prevented by field hygiene and pest control

Question 20

salmonella food poisoning(bacterial disease)

Answer 20

• spread through food and poor hygiene

- symptoms include fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and vomiting caused by the toxins produced by the bacteria

Question 21

malaria(protist disease)

Answer 21

• caused by parasitic protists
• spread by the bite of female mosquitoes
• damages blood and liver cells
• causes fevers and shaking, and can be fatal
• some drugs are effective if given early but protists are becoming resistant
• spread is reduced by preventing vectors from breeding and using mosquito nets to prevent people from being bitten

Question 22

What factors can affect health?

Answer 22

• Diet
• Stress
• Life situations(Gender, ethnic group, where you live)

Question 23

rose black spot(fungal disease)

Answer 23

• spread in the environment by wind and water
• damages leaves so they drop off, affecting growth so photosynthesis is reduced
• spread is controlled by removing affected leaves and chemical sprays(not very effective)

Question 24

how can you help prevent the spread of communicable diseases?

Answer 24

• Simple hygiene measures(hand washing, disinfectants on kitchen work surfaces)
• isolation of infected individuals
• destroying or controlling vectors(mosquitoes for malaria)
• vaccination( so immune system is prepared if u become ill)

Question 25

measles(viral disease)

Answer 25

• spread by droplet infection
• causes fever and rash
• can be fatal
• no cure
• isolation of patients and vaccination prevents spread

Question 26

how do pathogens make you ill?

Answer 26

• both bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside your body
• bacteria can produce toxins that make you feel ill
• viruses live and reproduce inside your cells, causing cell damage