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Psychology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What perspective does chapter 5 focus on?

A

Behaviorist Perspective.

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2
Q

What is another word for the term ‘conditioning?’

A

Learning.

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3
Q

Does the behavioral perspective focus on nature or nurture?

A

Nurture.

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4
Q

What does the term ‘tabula rosa’ refer to and why does it correspond with the behavioral perspective?

A

It means “blank tablet.” Therefore everybody learns all they know from nurture.

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5
Q

What are the three primary ways we learns from our environment?

A
  • Classical Conditioning.
  • Operant Conditioning.
  • Observation Learning.
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6
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which neutral stimuli comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus. (Cat thinking he’s eating after hearing cat food open.)

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7
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on it positive or negative consequences.

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8
Q

What is Observation Learning?

A

Learning by watching the behavior of another person or model.

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9
Q

What is a stimulus (S), response (R), and consequence (C)?

A

STIMULUS is anything we sensate or perceive through our senses. Which may result in a behavioral RESPONSE, and ultimately a an environmental CONSEQUENCE.

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10
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus you automatically react or respond reflexively without learning.

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11
Q

What was the unconditioned stimulus for ‘Little Albert?’

A

The loud noise.

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12
Q

What was the unconditioned stimulus for ‘Pavlov’s Dog?’

A

The sight and smell of food.

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13
Q

What was the unconditioned response for ‘Little Albert?’

A

Fright.

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14
Q

What was the unconditioned response for ‘Pavlov’s Dog?’

A

Salvation.

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15
Q

What did Pavlov do?

A

Rang the bell every time the dog was about to eat. He eventually started to salivate when he heard the bell.

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16
Q

What is extinction?

A

Getting rid of the conditioned (learned) association.

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17
Q

What is a stimulus generalization?

A

When a controlled response is related to other stimuli that resemble the controlled stimuli.

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18
Q

Example of learning by association.

A

My dog learns that when she sits and waits, she will receive a treat.

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19
Q

Little Albert developed what type of clinical disorder?

A

A phobia.

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20
Q

Can you ‘learn associations’ through observation of others?

A

Yes, observation learning- learning by observing the behavior of another person or model (ex. Bandura bobo doll)

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21
Q

‘Operant conditioning’ involves ‘learning by …

A

Consequence

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning by which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

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23
Q

What is the Throndike law effect

A

responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

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24
Q

What does reinforcement do to the behavior

A

Strengthens behavior

25
Q

What does punishment do to behavior?

A

Weakens behavior

26
Q

What does extinction do to behavior?

A

Stops behavior

27
Q

What do the two reinforcing consequences do ?

A

Strengthen behavior

28
Q

What do the two type of punishing consequences do?

A

Both types weaken behavior

29
Q

Is negative reinforcement the same as punishment

A

No, when reinforcement strengthens behavior, punishment weakens behavior

30
Q

What is operant extinction?

A

When an operant behavior is no longer instrumental in obtaining a reinforcer, I️t eventually stops

31
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

I️t signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response
(Green=go; red=stop)

32
Q

Can a particular ratio of consequences influence human relations, mood state, self esteem and self - efficacy?

A

Yes, positive and negative behaviors affect relationships differently

33
Q

When does learned helplessness occur?

A

when a behavior does not result in any positive consequence, after a while it’s simply ceases (related to depression)

34
Q

Describe the various disadvantages of PUNISHMENT

A

I️t is not always delivered shortly after the undesirable behavior, psychical aggression builds, creates negative association and resentment, damages self esteem

35
Q

Do you deliberately use positive and negative consequences to modify others behaviors

A

Both positive and negative reinforcers increase the likelihood that the preceding behaviors will be repeated

36
Q

Reinforcing consequences

A

Strengthen behavior

37
Q

Punishing consequences

A

Weaken behavior, more likely to happen again

38
Q

Behavior modification

A

A technique that increases good behavior and decreases bad behavior.

39
Q

Token reinforcement

A

Like money or a gold star

40
Q

Token economy

A

A form of behavior modification designed to increase desirable behavior and decrease undesirable behaviors with the use of tokens (receiving token immediately after behavior)

41
Q

Successive approximations

A

Involves reinforcing successively closer approximations to target behavior in order to deliberately shape behavior in a desired direction

42
Q

Skinners successive approximation

A

Ex: giving a dog a treat when I️t performed successively closer approximations of a desired behavior like sitting or staying when commanded

43
Q

Continuous schedule

A

Where a consequence is received every time the operant behavior is performed

44
Q

Partial/intermittent schedule

A

Where a consequence is received only some of the time that the operant behavior is performed

45
Q

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing a behavior every time I️t happens

46
Q

Partial/intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all the time

47
Q

Partial schedule VS continuous schedule

A

Ps: more resistant to extinction
Cs: extinguishes quicker

48
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

Are different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

49
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Meet biological need or requirement
Works naturally regardless of a persons previous experience.
Ex: food for hungry, warmth for cold person, pain relief

50
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

A learned need or want
It’s a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with the primary reinforcer.
Ex: money

51
Q

Extrinsic VS intrinsic reinforcers

A

E: external to the behavior itself, they are what the behavior leads to (money/letter grade)
I: internal to the behavior itself, they are enjoyed through the behavior itself (hobby)

52
Q

Can learning by consequence occur in combination with learning by association?

A

I️t is possible
Ex: skinners box experiment- the rat pushes the lever (learning by consequence) causing the rat to associate the lever with food (learning by association)

53
Q

Learning by observation

A

Ex: banduras bobo doll study where the kids copied the behavior they observed by an adult

54
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model both negative and positive behaviors

55
Q

Fearless peer

A

An individual who models an appropriate and effective behavior in an effort to help another

56
Q

What kind of models are more likely to be imitated?

A

Models observed to receive positive consequences for behavior

57
Q

What kind of models are more likely to NOT be imitated?

A

Models that receive negative consequences

58
Q

Can the observed consequences of another’s behavior influence ones decision regarding the imitation of that behavior?

A

If there is a punishment involved in the consequences observed by another t is likely that the behavior will not be imitated

59
Q

CAn learning by observation occur with learning by consequence?

A

I️t is possible

Ex:skinners box experiment

Psychology (7 decks)

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