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human body > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is ‘matter’?

A

anything that can occupy space and has a mass. It is made up of elements.

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2
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

number of protons in the nucleus.

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3
Q

What are each of the charges in an atom?

A

Neutron- neutral, proton- positive, electron- negative

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4
Q

Mass number - atomic number = ??

A

neutrons

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5
Q

what is the valence shell?

A

the outermost shell

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6
Q

what is a molecule of an element?

A

two of the SAME element bonded together (H2)

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7
Q

what is a molecule of a compound?

A

2 or more DIFFERENT elements chemically bonded together (H+Cl = HCl)

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8
Q

how does a chemical bond occur?

A

occurs when electrons from each of the atoms are interacting.

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9
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when two atoms share electrons with one another so that both atoms are stable with a full valence shell.

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10
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When an atom donates one of their electrons to another atom so that both atoms are stable with a full valence shell.

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11
Q

What is an anion?

A

An anion is an atom that ACCEPTS electrons and becomes negatively charged.

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12
Q

What is a cation?

A

A cation is an atom that DONATES electrons and becomes positively charged.

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13
Q

What is a mixture?

A

a mixture is when two or more components are physically mixed together, not chemically bonded.

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14
Q

What is a compound?

A

When two components are chemically bonded.

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15
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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16
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

compound that does NOT contain carbon

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17
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

compound that DOES contain carbon

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18
Q

What is considered a proton donor?

A

Acids are considered proton donors because they contain H+

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19
Q

What is considered a proton acceptor?

A

Bases are considered proton accepters as they are the ones that receive the H+.

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20
Q

What should the pH of blood be?

A

between 7.35-7.45

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21
Q

What does pH mean?

A

Power of hydrogen.

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22
Q

If there’s more H+ in a solution, will it be acidic or basic?

A

The solution will be more acidic. If it’s more acidic the pH will be lower.

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23
Q

If there is a higher concentration of OH-, will the pH level be higher or lower?

A

The pH will be higher because the more basic a solution is, the increased pH level it will be.

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24
Q

what type of scale is the pH scale?

A

logarithmic- every variation of a single pH unit represents a 10-fold diference in H+ concentration.

25
Q

Will a strong or weak acid dissociate completely in water?

A

A strong acid like HCl will dissociate completely, whereas a weak acid like Carbonic Acid will not dissociate fully.

26
Q

How do you measure a pH of a solution?

A

Using a universal indicator.

27
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A chemical system designed to resist changes in H+ concentration.

28
Q

What regulates the acid/base balance in the body?

A

Kidneys, lungs and buffers.

29
Q

What does a buffer do if the pH rises?

A

A buffer will release hydrogen ions

30
Q

What does a buffer do if the pH drops?

A

The buffer will bind hydrogen ions.

31
Q

What happens when the blood becomes too acidic?

A

Bicarbonate acid absorbs hydrogen ions to form more carbonic acid.

32
Q

What happens when the blood becomes too basic?

A

Carbonic acid will break down to create more hydrogen ions to reduce the pH level and bring it back to homeostatic level.

33
Q

What is acidosis?

A

When the blood becomes too acidic, the pH is too low.

34
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

When the blood becomes too basic, the pH is too high.

35
Q

What are the four main types of organic molecules in our body?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

36
Q

What are the building blocks for carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

37
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Simple carbs are those with 1-2 sugar molecules, monosaccharides and disaccharides

38
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

Complex carbs have a string of sugar molecules, polysaccharides.

39
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

40
Q

What are the types of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, maltose, lactose

41
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

42
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

43
Q

What are phospholipids made up of?

A

Fatty acids, glycerol and phosphorus.

44
Q

What are the building blocks for steroids?

A

four hydrocarbon rings

45
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino acids

46
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

Enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to accelerate biochemical reactions.

47
Q

What are the two most common nucleic acids?

A

Dexoyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nucleic acid (RNA)

48
Q

What are the five varieties of nucleotides?

A

Adenine, thyamine, cytosine, guanine.

49
Q

How do the nucleotides connect in the structure of DNA?

A

T = A and C = G

50
Q

How much water is in ICF?

A

2/3 of water is in intracellular fluid.

51
Q

How much water is in ECF?

A

1/3 of water is in extracellular fluid.

52
Q

Where are sodium ions found in the body?

A

Sodium ions are main cations found outside cells in the body, they help regulate bodily fluids.

53
Q

Where are potassium ions found in the body?

A

Potassium ions are main cations found inside cells in the body, help to regulate nerve impulses and heartbeats.

54
Q

Where are chloride ions found in the body?

A

Chloride ions are main anions found outside cells in the body, regulation of acid-base balance.

55
Q

What does tonicity mean?

A

Salt concentration

56
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

when the concentration of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane. EG. if giving IV drip at 9% salt concentration, it’d be because that’s the same concentration as inside patient’s cells.

57
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

the solution with a higher concentration of solute compared to another solution.

58
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

the solution with a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution.

human body (4 decks)

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