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Biology > Defence mechanisms & immunology > Flashcards

Defence mechanisms & immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of the lymph system (7 steps)

A 
Lymphatic capillary
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Lymph node
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic trunk 
Collecting duct 
Subclavian
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2
Q

3 main organs of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus

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3
Q

7 non specific barriers against infection

A 
Species resistance
Mechanical barriers
Chemical barriers 
Natural killer cells
Inflammation 
Phagocytosis
Fever
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4
Q

2nd line of defence

A

Phagocytosis

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5
Q

7 phases of phagocytosis

A

1)Chemotaxis and phagocyte sticking to microbe
2)Ingestion of microbe by
Phagocyte
3)Engulfing microbe is s phagosome (endocytosis)
4)Fusion of phagosome with lysosomes to form phagolysosome
5)Lysozyme enzymes in lysosomes break down and digest microbe
6)Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
7)Discharge of waste materials

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6
Q

7 steps of inflammation

A

1) Bacteria and other pathogens enter wound
2) platelets release blood clotting proteins at site
3) mast cells mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction.
4) neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens
5) neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis
6) Macrophages secrete cytokine hormones that attract immune system cells to site
7) inflammatory response continues until foreign material eliminated and wound repaired

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7
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of phagocyte towards microbe in response to chemicals

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8
Q

Phagosome

A

A vacuole in the phagocyte cell membrane containing a microbe

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9
Q

Endocytosis

A

Engulfing a foreign body into the cell membrane to form a vacuole

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10
Q

A phagocyte that has fused with a lysosome

A

Phagolysosome

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11
Q

Neutrophil

A

A type of immune cell (white blood cell)

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12
Q

First line of defence

A

Skin

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13
Q

Third line of defence

A

Cellular immune response

Humoral immune response

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14
Q

Specific immunity

A

Cellular immune response

Humoral immune response

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15
Q

B cell and T cell origin

A

Red bone marrow

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16
Q

Where are B and T cells primarily found

A

Lymphatic tissues

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17
Q

T cell function

A

Cellular immune response
T cells interact with antigens to destroy them
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells

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18
Q

B cell function

A

Humoral response
B cells interact indirectly with antigen
They produce antibodies that destroy antigen

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19
Q

How are Antibodies specific to antigens

A

Active site on antibodies are specific in shape to antigen

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20
Q

What activates a B cell?

A

Cytokines released by T cells + Binding with an antigen

21
Q

What happens when a helper T cell contacts a displayed antigen?

A

It multiplies by division and releases cytokines to activate B cells and other chemicals to activate cytotoxic T Cells

22
Q

What activates cytotoxic T cells?

A

T helper cells release chemicals to activate cytotoxic T cells

23
Q

What happens when cytotoxic T cells are activated?

A

They divide into memory cells and cytotoxic T cells

24
Q

What happens to activated B cells?

A

They multiply into other B cells which produce monoclonal antibodies

25
Q

What happens when antibodies combine with antigens?

A

Complement proteins are activated

26
Q

What 5 ways do antigens destroy pathogens?

A 
Oponisation
Chemotaxis
Lysis
Agglutination
Neutralisation
27
Q

Oponisation

A

Enhancing phagocytosis of antigens

28
Q

How to antibodies cause chemotaxis towards pathogens?

A

They attract macrophages and neutrophils

29
Q

Lysis

A

Rupturing cell membranes (foreign pathogenic cells)

30
Q

Agglutination

A

Antigens causing pathogens to clump (destroy more at once)

31
Q

Neutralisation

A

Altering the molecular structure of viruses

32
Q

Primary response

A

Symptoms
Takes longer to destroy pathogen
Memory B cells and memory T cells produced

33
Q

Secondary response

A

Memory cells existing
Pathogen destroyed sooner
No symptoms
(Second exposure to same pathogen)

34
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Acquired naturally by exposure to live pathogens
Immune response causes antibodies to be produced naturally
Long term affect

35
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Exposure to vaccine
(Artificial pathogen -dead/weak)
Antibodies produced (active) without symptoms (long term immunity as B memory cells remain in blood and remember how to create antibodies, T cells recognise antigen)

36
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Antibodies passed to fetus from mother in breast milk (antibodies given directly=passive)
Provides short term immunity

37
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Injection of antibodies

Short term immunity

38
Q

What 4 ways does the placenta function as an immunological barrier

A

Secreted chemicals that avoid detection by the host
Contains lymphocyte suppressor cells that inhibit maternal TC cells
Placental cells do not express MHC I complexed (prevents destruction to TC cells)
Creates a syncytium (fewer intercellular sites for access of maternal cells)

39
Q

When is the only case that IgG would target fetal cells?

A

If they were found in maternal circulation

40
Q

What causes the fetus to have a passive immune system?

A

Placenta allows IgG cells to cross to fetus

41
Q

4 signs of inflammatory response

A

Redness, pain, swelling, heat

42
Q

Oedema

A

Swelling

43
Q

6 stages of inflammatory response

A

1) damaged tissue
2) histamine and kinins
3) vasodilation
4) oedema (swelling)
5) pain receptors activated
6) WBCs activated

44
Q

First and second lines of defence are

A

Non specific/innate

45
Q

Third line of defence is described as

A

Specific or adaptive

46
Q

Humoral response involves

A

Pathogens in bodily fluids

47
Q

Cellular response involves

A

Infected cells

48
Q

T lymphocyte cells originate in

And move to. To mature

A

Bone marrow

Thymus gland

49
Q

What two type of cells do T cells divide into

A

T helper cells

Memory T cells

Biology (19 decks)

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