Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Exam 1 > Development of Orofacial Structures > Flashcards

Development of Orofacial Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What structure forms the forehead and dorsum+apex of the nose?

A

Frontal nasal prominence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What structure forms the alae of the nose?

A

Lateral nasal prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structure forms the nasal septum, ethmoid bone, and cribriform plate?

A

Medial nasal prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structure forms the upper cheek regions and lip?

A

Maxillary prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structure forms the chin, lower lip, and cheek regions?

A

Mandibular prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Facial development depends on inductive interactions of what 3 areas?

A

Forebrain
Frontonasal region
Developing eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The five facial primordia appear early in the ____ week as prominences around the ______

A

4th

Stomodeum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 facial primordia?

A

2 maxillary prominences
2 mandibular prominences
1 frontonasal prominence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The facial primordia are separated from the cavity of the primordial pharynx by a bilaminar ____ _____ which ruptures at ~26 days

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Facial development occurs during the 4th-8th weeks. _______ contains active growth centers. Pharyngeal arch 1 splits to form the maxillary and mandibular prominences.

The maxillary prominences form the lateral boundaries of the _______, which come from ____ and _____ neural crest cells. The mandibular prominences form the _____ boundary of the above structure.

A

Mesenchyme

Stomodeum; midbrain; hindbrain; caudal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the first parts of the face to form?

A

Lower jaw

Lower lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The lower jaw and lower lip form as the ____ ____ disintegrates and there is extension and fusion of the ____ ____ toward/at the midline

A

Oropharyngeal membrane

Mandibular prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

By the end of the 4th week, _____ ____ form on the inferolateral parts of the frontonasal prominence, characterized by bilateral oval thickenings of surface _____ that are primordia of the nasal epithelium

A

Nasal placodes; ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The nasal placodal edges proliferate, producing medial and lateral _____ _____

A

Nasal prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The nasal placodes remain in place as the medial and lateral nasal prominences grow, resulting in the formation of _____ _____

A

Nasal pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The nasal placodes remain in place as the medial and lateral nasal prominences grow, resulting in the formation of nasal pits. The pits will form the ____ and ____ ___

A

Nostrils; nasal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the lateral nasal prominences form?

A

The alae (sides) of the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The _____ ______ grow medially toward each other and the median nasal prominences which results in the median nasal prominences becoming more midline

A

Maxillary prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The lateral nasal prominence is separated from the maxillary prominence by a cleft called the ____ _____

A

Nasolacrimal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

By the end of the 6th week, each maxillary prominence merges with the ____ ____ at the nasolacrimal groove; this establishes continuity between the sides of the nose and cheek region

A

Lateral nasal prominence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The primordia of the _____ (external part of the ears) develop by the end of the ____ week

A

Auricles; 5th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During ear development, 6 ____ _____ form around the first pharyngeal groove and the ____ ____ ___, consisting of 3 mesenchymal swellings on each side

A

Auricular hillocks; external acoustic meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F: Initially, the external ears are located in the neck region.

A

True; As the mandible develops, they become located on the side of the head at the level of the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Between the 7th-10th weeks, the medial nasal prominences merge with what 2 structures?

A

Maxillary nasal prominences

Lateral nasal prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Merging of the medial nasal prominences with the maxillary and lateral nasal prominences results in the continuity of the upper jaw an dlip, and separation of the nasal pits from the _______.

As the medial nasal prominences merge, they form the ______ _____ which will become the ______ of the upper lip, premaxillary part of the maxilla, and the primary palate

A

Stomodeum

Intermaxillary segment; philtrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most of the upper lip, maxilla, and secondary palate form from the ____ _____, whih will merge laterally with the ____ ____

A

Maxillary prominences; mandibular prominences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mesenchyme in pharyngeal arch ____ forms the facial muscles, innervated by the ______ nerve

A

2; facial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mesenchyme in pharyngeal arch ____ forms the muscles of mastication (among others), and is innervated by ____ n.

A

1; trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Facial development occurs slowly during fetal period, including changes in proportion and relative positions of facial components. The nose is initially flat and the mandible is underdeveloped, reaching characteristic form by ____ weeks.

As the brain enlarges, the ____ ____ expands bilaterally, causing the _____ (oriented laterally) to assume a forward-facing orientation

Small appearance of the face prenatally results from rudimentary upper and lower jaws, un-erupted deciduous teeth, and small nasal cavities and maxillary sinuses

A

14

Cranial cavity; orbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

As the face develops, nasal placodes are depressed, forming ____ _____.

Expansion of median nasal prominences and lateral nasal prominence mesenchyme causes these to deepen, forming the right and left ____ ____ ___

A

Nasal pits

Primordial nasal sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Primordial nasal sacs grow dorsally and ventrally to the developing forebrain, separated from the oral cavity by the _____ _____, which ruptures by the end of the 6th week

A

Oronasal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Continuous between the nasal and oral cavities are the _____ ____, which are openings from the nasal cavity into the nasal pharynx

A

Primordial choanae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The primordial choanae are relocated to nasal cavity/pharynx junction after the _____ _____ develops.

Superior, middle, and inferior ____ ____ are developing simultaneously

A

Secondary palate

Nasal conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Epithelium lining the roof of each nasal cavity specializes, forming the ______epithelium, where cells will differentiate into the olfactory _____

A

Olfactory; neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Palatogenesis begins in the ____ week and is completed by the beginning of the____ week (if not complete by this point there is high likelihood of palate malformation) = critical period

A

6th; 9th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Palatogenesis occurs beginning with merging of the medial nasal prominences to form the ____ ____ ___, or primary palate. This is made up of a wedge-shaped mass of mesenchyme between the _____ prominences, forming the _______ part of the maxilla

A

Median palatine process; maxillary; premaxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The ‘______ palate’ is the primordium of the hard and soft parts of the palate

A

Definitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The secondary palate develops early in the 6th week from lateral palatine processes, or _____ ______, which are mesenchymal projections extending from internal aspects of the _______ prominences

These will project inferomedially on each side of the ______

A

Palatal shelves; maxillary

Tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

As the jaws elongate, the tongue is pulled away from its root, moving inferiorly in the mouth. This allows the _____ ____ to assume a horizontal position above the tongue around the 7th-8th week

A

Palatal shelves (aka lateral palatine processes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Bone gradually develops in the primary palate, forming the ______ part of the maxilla, which houses the incisor teeth. Bone extends from the maxillae and palatine bones into the lateral palatine processes to form the _____ ______.

The posterior portions do not ossify, but instead extend posteriorly and fuse, forming the ____ ____ and ______. The line of fusion is indicated by the ________

A

Premaxillary; hard palate

Soft palate; uvula; palatine raphe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Once the hard and soft palates have formed, the ____ _____ persists in the median plane, represented in the adult hard palate by the ______ fossa

A

Nasopalatine canal; incisive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Formation of a cleft palate has multifactorial causes, including the participation of _______ cells. It can be classified as anterior or posterior, and the anatomical landmark delineating the two is the ____ _____

A

Neural crest; incisive foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Anterior cleft palate occurs with failure of what 2 structures to fuse?

A

Palatine shelves fail to fuse with primary palate

44
Q

Posterior cleft palate occurs with failure of what structures to fuse?

A

Palatine shelves fail to fuse with each other and with the nasal septum

[note that anteroposterior cleft palate is a combination of both anterior and posterior defects]

45
Q

What is th emost common malformation of the head/neck?

A

Unilateral cleft lip

46
Q

Unilateral cleft lip results from:

_____ _____ fails to fuse with th emedial nasal prominence.

Underlying somitomeric mesoderm and neural crest fail to expand, resulting in persistent ____ ____

A

Maxillary prominence

Labial groove

47
Q

The ______ _____ develops as a downgrowth from the internal parts of merged medial nasal prominences. Fusion of this structure with the palatine processes begins anteriorly (9th week) and is completed posteriorly (12th week)

A

Nasal septum

48
Q

Tongue development begins with a ____ _____ ____ that appears at the end of the 4th week, this is the first indication of tongue development as a triangular elevation in the floor of the primordial _______

A

Median lingual swelling; pharynx

49
Q

Two _____ _____ ____ develop on each side of the median lingual swelling, these rapidly proliferate, merge, and overgrow the median lingual swelling

A

Lateral lingual swellings

50
Q

All tongue buds result from proliferation of mesenchyme in ventromedial parts of pharyngeal arch ____

A

1

51
Q

Merged lateral lingual swellings form the _____ part of the tongue, which is the ______ 2/3s

A

Oral; anterior

52
Q

Once the oral part of the tongue develops, the ______ part forms

A

Pharyngeal

53
Q

Formation of the pharyngeal part of the tongue begins when the ventromedial parts of pharyngeal arch 2 fuse, forming the _______.

Ventromedial parts of pharyngeal arch 3 and 4 develop the ____ _____

A

Copula

Hypopharyngeal eminence

54
Q

During formation of the pharyngeal part of the tongue, the hypopharyngeal eminence overgrows the copula, forming what part of the tongue?

A

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

55
Q

The line of fusion anterior and posterior parts of the pharyngeal part tongue = ____ _____

A

Terminal sulcus

56
Q

Tongue musculature is derived from myoblasts of the _______ myotomes, accompanied by the _____ n. to innervate the tongue

A

Occipital; hypoglossal

57
Q

What are the 3 most common tongue abnormalities?

A

Glossoschissis = bifid tongue

Ankyloglossia = “tongue-tied”

Macroglossia = large tongue

58
Q

4 nerves that supply the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

Lingual branch of V3: sensory innervation of mucosa

Chorda tympani branch of CN VII: taste

CN IX: circumvallate/vallate papilla

CN XII: motor of intrinsic skeletal mm

59
Q

4 nerves supplying posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN IX: Sensory innervation of mucosa and taste

CN XII: motor of intrinsic skeletal m

CN X: sensory of posterior tongue and pharynx; taste (epiglottis)

CN X: motor to palatoglossus m.

60
Q

What type of ossification involves mesenchymal production of osseous tissue without cartilage formation?

A

Intramembranous ossification

61
Q

With intramembranous ossification, mesenchyme condenses and becomes highly vascular, differentiating into ________ which deposit osteoid to form bone. These cells then become trapped and become ______

A

Osteoblasts; osteocytes

62
Q

What type of ossification involves bone formation in preexisting cartilaginous models (i.e., long bones)?

A

Endochondral ossification

63
Q

With endochondral ossification, primary ossification centers appear in the ________.

_______ hypertrophy and the matrix becomes calcified, at which point the cells die

A

Diaphysis

Chondrocytes

64
Q

The cranium develops from mesenchyme around the developing brain.

The _____ is the bony case enclosing the brain, and the _______ are the bones comprising the facial skeleton

A

Neurocranium; viscerocranium

65
Q

Both the neurocranium and the viscerocranium are made up of 2 primary components, what are they?

A

Cartilaginous

Membranous

66
Q

The cartilaginous portion of the neurocranium develops as several cartilages fuse, forming the _____ of the cranium via _______ ossification

A

Base; endochondral

67
Q

In what order do the 4 parts of the cartilaginous neurocranium form?

A
  1. Occipital bone (base)
  2. Body of sphenoid
  3. Ethmoid bone
  4. Temporal bone (petrous and mastoid parts)
68
Q

The membranous neurocranium consists of head mesenchyme at the sides and top of the brain, which will form the ________ via ________ ossification

A

Calvaria; intramembranous

69
Q

Calvaria = _____ and _____bones of the skull

A

Frontal; parietal

70
Q

The calvaria of the skull are formed by intramembranous ossification and will be interconnected via ______

A

Sutures

71
Q

The cartilaginous viscerocranium consists of _______ ____ cells that form bones as well as the _______ ______ of craniofacial structures

A

Neural crest; connective tissue

72
Q

What pharyngeal arches contribute to the cartilaginous viscerocranium?

A

1
2
3
4

73
Q

Pharyngeal arches 1, 2, 3, and 4 contribute to the cartilaginous viscerocranium. What are their bony contributions?

A

PA1: malleus + incus

PA2: stapes, styloid process of temporal bone; lesser horn of hyoid

PA3: greater horns of the hyoid bone

PA4: cartilages fuse —> laryngeal cartilages (except epiglottis)

74
Q

The membranous viscerocranium develops via intramembranous ossification within the _____ prominence to form the ________, ________, and _______ bones

A

Maxillary; squamous temporal; maxillary; zygomatic

[note that the squamous temporal bone will become part of the neurocranium]

75
Q

During development of the membranous viscerocranium, cells of the mandibular prominence form the _______

A

Mandible

76
Q

Umbrella term for a condition characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures, often associated with other skeletal defects

A

Craniosynostosis

77
Q

The cause of craniosynostosis is unclear, and it is more common in ______

A

Boys

78
Q

Condition characterized by premature closure of the sagittal suture, so the cranium becomes long, narrow, and wedge shaped

A

Scaphocephaly

79
Q

Condition characterized by premature closure of the coronal suture on one side, so the cranium is twisted and asymmetric

A

Plagiocephaly

80
Q

Condition characterized by premature closure of the coronal suture, leading to a high, tower-like cranium

A

Brachycephaly

81
Q

Condition characterized by premature closure of the frontal (metopic) suture leading to deformities of frontal and orbital bones in addition to other anomalies

A

Trigonocephaly

82
Q

Which 2 types of craniosynostosis are most common?

A

Scaphocephaly (50% of cases)

Brachycephaly (30% of cases)

83
Q

_____ = development of teeth

A

Odontogenesis

84
Q

Teeth develop from reciprocal inductions between what 2 things?

A

Neural crest-induced mesenchyme + overlying oral epithelium (ectoderm)

85
Q

U-shaped bands of oral epithelium that follow the curves of the primitive jaws

A

Dental laminae

86
Q

_____ ____ form in each dental laminae during their respective stage (10 on top, 10 on bottom to make 20 primary teeth)

A

Tooth buds

87
Q

The first teeth develop in the _____ _____ region, followed by the ____ _____region, then they continue posteriorly by the 6th week

A

Anterior mandibular; anterior maxillary

88
Q

During the Cap Stage, the tooth bud is invested by mesenchyme and becomes cap-shaped. At this point it consists of what 3 components?

A

Enamel organ
Dental papilla
Dental sac

89
Q

The enamel organ of the tooth bud consists of ______ cells from the dental lamina, its function is to produce ______

A

Ectodermal; enamel

90
Q

What are the 3 cell layers of the enamel organ during the cap stage of tooth development?

A

Outer cell layer = outer enamel epithelium (OEE)

Inner cell layer lining the papilla = inner enamel epithelium (IEE)

Stellate reticulum

91
Q

____ ___ = internal part of each tooth (mesenchyme)

A

Dental papilla

92
Q

The dental papilla is responsible for formation of what 2 substances?

A

Dentin

Pulp

93
Q

What part of the tooth bud consists of mesenchyme surrounding the dental papilla and enamel organ?

A

Dental follicle/sac

94
Q

The dental follicle/sac is responsible for the formation of what 2 things?

A

Periodontal ligament

Cementum

95
Q

The bell stage of tooth development begins when differentiation of the ____ ____ results in a bell shape.

The dental papilla cells adjacent to the inner enamel epithelium (IEE) form ________

A

Enamel organ

Odontoblasts

96
Q

During the bell stage of tooth development, the dental papilla cells adjacent to the IEE form odontoblasts which produce _______, which calcifies and becomes ______.

The IEE differentiates into _______ in response to dentin production, these cells produce enamel

A

Predentin; dentin

Ameloblasts

97
Q

Enamel and dentin formation begins at the ____ of the tooth and progresses toward the future ____

A

Cusps; root

98
Q

What part of tooth development begins after dentin and enamel formation?

A

Root development

99
Q

During root development, a _____ ____ ____ forms as a fusion of IEE and OEE, growing into mesenchyme and initiating root formation. ______produce root dentin

A

Epithelial root sheath; odontoblasts

100
Q

During tooth root development, central dental papilla cells form the ____ of the tooth.

The inner cells of the dental sac form ______ which produce cementum around the root(s)

Outer cells of the dental sac form the _______ which is a collagen ligament that anchors the tooth to bone

A

Pulp

Cementoblasts

Periodontal ligament

101
Q

Tooth eruption consists of emergence of the tooth from the dental follicle in the jaw and its functional position in the mouth. The root of the tooth grows and the crown gradually erupts through the ____ _____

A

Oral epithelium

102
Q

T/F: maxillary teeth typically erupt before mandibular teeth

A

False, other way around

103
Q

____ = part of the oral mucosa around the erupted crown

A

Gingiva

104
Q

As a permanent tooth grows, the deciduous root is resorbed by _______; only the crown and uppermost part of the root are shed

Permanent teeth usually begin to erupt at 6 yrs

A

Osteoclasts (odontoclasts)

105
Q

Permanent dentition consists of ____ teeth, which develop in stages similar to deciduous teeth.

Tooth buds for permanent teeth (with deciduous precursors) start to appear at 10 wks from extensions of the ____ _____. They develop ______ to the deciduous tooth buds

A

32

Dental lamina; lingual (next to the tongue)

106
Q

The tooth buds for permanent teeth appear at different times, but mostly during the _____ period. Buds for 2nd/3rd permanent molars develop after birth

A

Fetal

107
Q

Deciduous teeth begin to erupt around 6 months. In what order do they tend to erupt?

A 
Medial incisor
Lateral incisor
Canine
First molar
Second molar

[teeth are typically shed in the same order]

Neuro Exam 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions