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Neuro Exam 1 > Histology of the Oral and Nasal Cavity > Flashcards

Histology of the Oral and Nasal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory mucosa = _____ epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

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2
Q

The respiratory mucosa rests on a thick basement membrane as well as a lamina propria rich in blood vessels, serous glands, and mucous glands. The mucous is propelled by ____ toward the pharynx

A

Cilia

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3
Q

Cell types associated with respiratory mucosa

A

Ciliated columnar cells

Brush cells (short columnar cells with blunt microvilli)

Lymphocytes

Non-ciliated stem cells

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4
Q

What is the most abundant cell type associated with respiratory mucosa?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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5
Q

What parts of the nose are lined by respiratory mucosa?

A

Nasal cavities

Paranasal sinuses

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6
Q

The ability of the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa to adjust temperature and humidity of inspired air is enhanced by the large surface area provided by the _______ bones

A

Turbinate

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7
Q

Vestibule of the nasal cavity is lined by ____ epithelium

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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8
Q

Posterior to the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined by _____ epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

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9
Q

Olfactory mucosa = _____ epithelium

A

Pseudostratified

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10
Q

Types of cells associated with the pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (olfactory mucosa)

A

Basal stem cells
Columnar support cells
Bipolar olfactory neurons

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11
Q

What glands are associated with the olfactory mucosa and what is their function?

A

Bowman’s glands = specialized olfactory glands that produce serous secretion that dissolves odor molecules so that we can better sense them

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12
Q

The dendrites of olfactory neurons have ‘olfactory hairs’ which are nonmotile cilia that serve what purpose?

A

Nonmotile cilia have specialized membrane receptors for odorant molecules

Ligand binding causes signals to be sent to olfactory bulb

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13
Q

T/F: olfactory epithelium is dramatically thickened and contains goblet cells

A

False; it IS dramatically thickened, but olfactory epithelium LACKS goblet cells

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14
Q

3 layers of olfactory epithelium

A

Basal cells (deep) within basement membrane

Olfactory neurons in the middle

Supporting/sustentacular cells and mucous layer

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15
Q

T/F: the nasopharynx is lined with respiratory epithelium

A

True

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16
Q

The nasopharynx is lined with respiratory epithelium. Patches of ______ epithelium occur with increasing age. This occurs near the ______ end and most extensively in smokers

A

Squamous; inferior

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17
Q

The nasopharynx also contains a lamina propria with serous and mucous glands. The predominant feature is the presence of large masses of _____ tissue. This forms a component of ______ ______, which protects the entry portals of the respiratory and GI tracts

A

Lymphoid; Waldeyer’s ring

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18
Q

Lymphoid tissue of the nasopharynx is particularly prominent in children; it bulges into the lumen of the nasopharynx forming the __________

A

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

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19
Q

The epithelium of the oral mucosa is _________ type, but it has varying _______

A

Stratified squamous; keratinization

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20
Q

The oral mucosa is subdivided into what 3 categories?

A

Lining mucosa
Masticatory mucosa
Specialized mucosa

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21
Q

The oral mucosa is supported by a dense collagenous tissue, the lamina propria. This contains connective tissue with what components?

A

Fibroblasts
White blood cells
Collagen fibers

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22
Q

2 layers of lamina propria in oral mucosa

A

Papillary layer = superficial, loose CT with neurovasculature

Dense layer = deep, dense irregular CT with large amounts of fibers

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23
Q

A submucosal layer is present in the oral mucosa depending on location. This is comprised of what 3 components?

A

Loose CT
Adipose tissue
Salivary glands

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24
Q

When the oral mucosa is nonkeratinized, what are its 3 layers?

A

Basal layer: deepest layer of cuboidal cells that undergo mitosis

Intermediate layer: stacked, polyhedral shaped cells that no longer undergo mitosis

Superficial layer: stacked polyhedral shaped cells with outer cells flattened into squames

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25
Q

When the oral mucosa is keratinized, what are its 4 layers?

A

Basal layer: single layer of cells undergoing mitosis

Prickle cell layer: bulk of tissue, lose ability to undergo mitosis

Granular layer: flat, stacked cells with prominent keratohyaline granules

Keratin layer: flat cells that lack nuclei, full of keratin (has squames)

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26
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium associated with the oral mucosa contains keratohyaline granules in the granular layer. What are keratohyaline granules?

A

Precursor form of keratin

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27
Q

The lining mucosa (oral mucosa subtype) has soft surface texture, moist, and the ability to stretch/compress surface. This comprises the _____, _____, and ______ mucosa, as well as the mucosal lining of the floor of the mouth, and the ventral surface of the ______ and ______

A

Buccal; labial; alveolar

Tongue; soft palate

28
Q

Is the lining mucosa (subtype of oral mucosa) keratinized or nonkeratinized? Is there an underlying submucosa?

A

Nonkeratinized; commonly has underlying submucosa

[the interface with the LP is generally smoother in appearance with fewer rete ridges and connective tissue papillae]

29
Q

Is the masticatory mucosa (subtype of oral mucosa) keratinized or nonkeratinized? Is there an underlying submucosa?

A

Keratinized; submucosa is thin or absent

30
Q

The masticatory mucosa (subtype of oral mucosa) has a rubbery surface with good resiliency. Where is it found?

A

Found on the hard palate, attached gingiva, and dorsal surface of tongue

31
Q

The masticatory mucosa is highly interdigitated with _____ _____ and papillae

A

Rete ridges

32
Q

Is the specialized mucosa (subtype of oral mucosa) keratinized or nonkeratinized?

A

The specialized mucosa is made up of discrete structures composed of KERATINIZED epithelium and lamina propria

33
Q

Where is the specialized mucosa (subtype of oral mucosa) found?

A

Dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue in the form of lingual papillae

34
Q

The tongue is a mass of striated skeletal muscle covered by oral mucosa. The surface is composed of ______ and ______ mucosa.

________ epithelium covers the muscular surface

A

Masticatory; specialized

Keratinized stratified squamous

35
Q

Lingual papillae may contain ____ ______, which are barrel-shaped organs that perceive food molecules

A

Taste buds

36
Q

Taste buds are comprised of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend from the basement membrane. Taste cells contain taste receptors that make contact with food molecules via the ____ ______. Supporting cells support the taste bud, surrounding the taste cells on the outer part of the bud

A

Taste pore

37
Q

4 types of taste buds

A

Foliate
Filiform
Fungiform
Circumvallate

38
Q

Which of the following are the most common form of papillae, moving food toward the pharynx for swallowing?

A. Foliate
B. Filiform
C. Fungiform
D. Circumvallate

A

B. Filiform

These give dorsal surface of tongue a velvety texture and are shaped like a fine-pointed cone

39
Q

Which of the following forms vertical ridges on the lateral surfaces of the tongue in more posterior regions and provides taste sensation?

A. Foliate
B. Filiform
C. Fungiform
D. Circumvallate

A

A. Foliate

40
Q

Which of the following is found on the dorsal surface of the tongue in lesser numbers and provides taste sensation?

A. Foliate
B. Filiform
C. Fungiform
D. Circumvallate

A

C. Fungiform

41
Q

Which of the following consists of 7-15 raised mushroom-shaped structures anterior to sulcus terminalis, have a sunken appearance surrounded by a trench, and has hundreds of taste buds present?

A. Foliate
B. Filiform
C. Fungiform
D. Circumvallate

A

D. Circumvallate

42
Q

What are all the taste sensations that can be detected by the cells of the tongue? What region do they correspond to?

A

Sweet (sugars) = tip of tongue

Salty (sodium) = anterior and lateral to tip of tongue

Sour (acidic) = lateral margin of tongue

Bitter = posterior tongue

Umami (savory) = MSG

43
Q

T/F: each taste bud can discern all five tastes

A

True; but they appear to concentrate on 2/5

44
Q

Taste buds on the palate register primarily what 2 tastes?

A

Bitter

Sour

45
Q

Taste buds of the _____ and ______ register all 5 taste modalities

A

Posterior pharynx; epiglottis

46
Q

______ = aggregates of lymphoid nodules clustered around posterior opening of oral and nasal cavity, organized into waldeyer’s ring

A

Tonsils

47
Q

The palatine tonsil is positioned bilaterally in the oropharynx. It is covered by _____ epithelium and surrounded by _____ _____

A

Stratified squamous; tonsillar crypts

48
Q

The palatine tonsil epithlelial lining is densely populated with _______; its dense connective tissue acts as a partial capsule, and they contain _____ ______

A

Lymphocytes; germinal centers

49
Q

The pharyngeal tonsil is a single structure along the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. It is covered with a _____ epithelium

it has a thin underlying capsule, invaginated mucosa with shallow infoldings, and no crypts.

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated

50
Q

The lingual tonsil is positioned along the base of the tongue, covered with ______ epithelium similar to palatine tonsils. There are associated ____ ____ with varying numbers of crypts. However, the lingual tonsil lacks a distinct ______

A

Stratified squamous; germinal centers; capsule

51
Q

Teeth are grossly divided into crown and root. The crown projects into the oral cavity and is protected by _____; the root is embedded in the alveolar ridge of an _______ (tooth socket)

A

Enamel; alveolus

52
Q

The bulk of the tooth (root and crown) is made up of _______ which encloses a central cavity/chamber containing _____

A

Dentin; pulp

53
Q

What is the pulp of the tooth made up of?

A

Supporting tissue containing neurovasculature, lymphatics, and mesenchymal cells

54
Q

The root of the tooth is invested by a thin layer of ________

A

Cementum

55
Q

Dentin is composed of a calcified organic matrix similar to that of bone. It contains inorganic components in its matrix called ____ ____ crystals.

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

56
Q

____ ___ = parallel tubes that radiate to the periphery of the dentin

A

Dentinal tubules

57
Q

On histological slides: fine, long tubules can be observed in the _______

Prominent lines that cross ______ diagonally represent incremental growth lines

A

Dentin

Enamel

58
Q

Enamel is made up of translucent substance composed of parallel enamel rods (prisms) of _____ ______.

The rods are cemented together by an almost equally calcified ____ material

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Interprismatic

59
Q

______ is an amorphous calcified tissue (calcium hydroxyapatite) into which the periodontal ligament is anchored

A

Cementum

60
Q

T/F: the cementum is thicker towards the apex of the root of the tooth

A

True

61
Q

The pulp of teeth is highly vascular and well-innervated. Why is this important?

A

The pulp provides nutrition to the dentin

[can also form reactive dentin d/t chronic injury]

62
Q

Production of dental tissue comes from what 3 cell types? Which of these is lost during tooth eruption?

A

Odontoblasts: secrete pre-dentin

Ameloblasts: secrete enamel matrix

Cementoblasts: secrete cementoid matrix

[ameloblasts are lost during tooth eruption]

63
Q

Within approximately 1 day of secretion from odontoblasts, predentin mineralizes to dentin. Cells extend an odontoblast process, which is surrounded by new matrix and becomes entrapped in ____ ____

A

Dentinal tubules

64
Q

Ameloblasts are tall cells in contact with dentin. The enamel matrix they secrete will mineralize into enamel. The enamel matrix itself is secreted from ______ process.

A

Tome’s

65
Q

Cementoblasts secrete cementoid matrix which mineralizes to cementum. Cells then become trapped forming ________

A

Cementocytes

66
Q

The periodontium consists of what 4 structures?

A

Cementum
Periodontal ligament
Alveolar bone
Gingiva

67
Q

The periodontal ligament inserts into _____ and ______ that lines the alveolus; it is composed of _____ fibers

A

Cementum; alveolar bone; collagen

Neuro Exam 1 (17 decks)

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