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Chemistry > 11) Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

11) Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

single bonds only

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3
Q

Define unsaturated

A

contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds

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4
Q

Define homologous series

A

a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2- group

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5
Q

Define alkanes

A

the simplest hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula CnH2n+2

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6
Q

What are the bond angles around a carbon atom in an alkane?

A

109.5 degrees

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7
Q

Define functional group

A

the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

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8
Q

Define aliphatic

A

carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings

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9
Q

Define alicyclic

A

carbon atoms joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches

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10
Q

Define aromatic

A

some or all carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring

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11
Q

What prefix is used for cyclic alkanes?

A

cyclo-

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12
Q

Alkenes contain at least one…?

A

C=C bond

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13
Q

Alkynes contain at least one…?

A

carbon-to-carbon triple bond

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14
Q

What is the stem for 1 carbon atom?

A

meth-

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15
Q

What is the stem for 2 carbon atoms?

A

eth-

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16
Q

What is the stem for 3 carbon atoms?

A

prop-

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17
Q

What is the stem for 4 carbon atoms?

A

but-

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18
Q

What is the stem for 5 carbon atoms?

A

pent-

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19
Q

What is the stem for 6 carbon atoms?

A

hex-

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20
Q

What is the stem for 7 carbon atoms?

A

hept-

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21
Q

What is the stem for 8 carbon atoms?

A

oct-

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22
Q

What is the stem for 9 carbon atoms?

A

non-

23
Q

What is the stem for 10 carbon atoms?

A

dec-

24
Q

What should you do when a suffix starts with a constant?

A

keep the final letter -e of the alkane stem

25
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene?

A

C=C

-ene

26
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an alcohol?

A

-OH
hydroxy-
-ol

27
Q

What is the functional group and prefix for a haloalkane?

A

-Cl, -Br, -I

chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

28
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?

A
  • CHO

- al

29
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone?

A
  • C(CO)C-

- one

30
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid?

A
  • COOH

- oic acid

31
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an ester?

A
  • COOC-

- oate

32
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an acyl chloride?

A
  • COCl

- oyl chloride

33
Q

What is the functional group, prefix and suffix for an amine?

A

-NH2
amino-
-amine

34
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a nitrile?

A
  • CN

- nitrile

35
Q

What does a molecular formula show?

A

the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

36
Q

What is an empirical formula?

A

simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

37
Q

What is a general formula?

A

simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

38
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

39
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene?

A

CnH2n

40
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

41
Q

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?

A

CnH2nO2

42
Q

What is the general formula of a ketone?

A

CnH2nO

43
Q

What does a displayed formula show?

A

the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

44
Q

What does a structural formula use?

A

the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

45
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

simplified organic formula which only shows a carbon skeleton and any functional groups

46
Q

Define structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

47
Q

Describe homolytic bond fission

A

covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of e- from the bond
each atom/group of atoms with an unpaired e- is a radical

48
Q

Describe heterolytic bond fission

A

covalent bond breaks and one of the bonded atoms takes both of the e- from the bond
forms a negative and a positive ion

49
Q

Define reaction mechanism

A

the sequence of bond-breaking and bond-forming steps that shows the path taken by electrons during a reaction

50
Q

What are curly arrows used to show?

A

the movement of e- pairs when bonds are being broken or made

51
Q

Describe an addition reaction

A

two reactants join together to form one product

52
Q

Describe a substitution reaction

A

an atom/group of atoms is replaced by a different atom/group of atoms

53
Q

Describe an elimination reaction

A

the removal of a small molecule from a larger one so that one reactant molecule forms two products

Chemistry (31 decks)

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