Embryology

Question 1

What part of gut tube do the lung buds sprout from

Answer 1

Upper gut tube, around the oesophagus

Question 2

What is the connection between respiratory and digestive tract in adults

Answer 2

Pharynx

Question 3

Process of formation of lung buds

Answer 3

As the oesophagus lengthens, a respiratory diverticulum forms along with a tracheoesphageal ridge. This respiratory diverticulum grows into the lung buds whereas the tracheosophageal ridge seperates the trachea and oesophagus

Question 4

Respiratory congenital defects

Answer 4

Oesophageal atresia (blind-ending) and tracheoesophageal fistula (communication)

Question 5

What can trancheosophageal fistula cause

Answer 5

Abnormal connection which causes ingested food to enter respiratory tract - infection prone

Question 6

What arises from the endoderm and mesoderm

Answer 6

Tubular ventral growth from foregut phrynx - Foregut

Mesenchyme of lung buds - Mesoderm

Question 7

How do the alveoli develop

Answer 7

The respiratory bronchioles start off with cuboidal epithelium cells. These develop to thin squamous cells to form a more efficient blood-air barrier. Blood capillaries establish close contact with these thin squamous cells via their flat endothelium

Question 8

What pneumocytes produce surfactant and lack of this can cause?

Answer 8

Alveolar type 2 cells produce surfactant. Lack of pulmonary surfactant production can cause structural immunity in the lungs - Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)