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Respiratory > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Host defence in nasopharynx

A

Nasal hairs, ciliated epitheiia, IgA

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2
Q

Host defence in oropharynx

A

Saliva, coughing, sloughing

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3
Q

Inflammation of nose is called

A

Rhinitis

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4
Q

Upper respiratory tract gram positive colonisers

A

Alpha-haemolytic - Streptococcus pneumoniae

Beta-haemolytic - Streptococcus pyogenes

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5
Q

Upper respiratory tract infection causing organism that grows easily on blood agar

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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6
Q

Another example of upper respiratory tract infection causing organism

A

Moraxella catarrhalis

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7
Q

Defence in conducting airways

A

Mucociliary escalator, cough. Mucus has AMP - Anti microbial particles

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8
Q

Why does intubation lead to infections

A

Intubation inhibits the final stage of the ciliary escalator which helps in expulsion of foreign material from being swallowed or coughed up.

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9
Q

Chest examination and x-ray of acute bronchitis

A

Normal

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10
Q

When are COPD exacerbations often seen

A

Following viral infection, fall in temperature, increase in humidity

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11
Q

Symptoms of whooping cough

A

Pertussis - Paroxysmal coughing with cold like symptoms for 2 weeks. Repeated violent exhalations with severe inspiratory whoop

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12
Q

What causes pertusis

A

Whooping cough, by Bordetella pertussis
Gram negative bacillus exclusively in humans
Vaccine preventable

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13
Q

How long can whooping cough last

A

10 days

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14
Q

Contagious period for whooping cough

A

2 weeks

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15
Q

Diagnosing Bordetella pertusis

A

Bacterial culture or PCR of pernasal swab (< 21 days)

Serology (Takes long)

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16
Q

Why should a pernasal swab only be taken within 21 days

A

Post infective cough after 21 days, only positive within 21 days

17
Q

Treatment of Bordetella pertusis

A

Antibiotics is < 21 days

18
Q

Does the alveolar lining have ciliary escalator

A

No, normally sterile

19
Q

Diagnosis community acquired pneumonia

A

Sputum culture, purulence, viral PCR

20
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia treatment

A

5 day course of Amoxicillin and complete recovery

21
Q

Types of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections

A

Noninvasive -
Sinus infection, ear infection, pneumonia without spread to bloodstream, URTI
Invasive -
Meningitis, bactaraemia

22
Q

How can pneumonia be assessed

A

Consolidation on chest x-ray + CURB65

23
Q

What is CURB65

A 
Assess pneumonia severity
C - Confusion
U - Urea > 7 mmol/l
R - Respiratory rate > 30/min
B - BP < 90 systolic or 61 diastolic
65 - Age > 65
24
Q

What is legionella pneumoniae

A

CAP caused by Legionella pneumophila
Diagnosed by serology for legionella antigen
PCR can also be done

25
Q

Treatment of legionella pneumoniae

A

Macrolides such as clarythromycin and erythromycin

Quinolones such as levofloxacin

26
Q

Older macrolide and it’s new derivatives

A

Older macrolide is erythromycin. Its newer derivatives are clarithromycin and azithromycin

27
Q

4 C associated with Clostridium difficile infection

A

Clindamycin, Cephalosporin, Co-Amoxiclav, Ciprofloxacin

28
Q

Clinical features of legionella pneumonia

A

Flu like illness which may progress to severe pneumonia with mental confusion, acute renal failure and GI symptoms

29
Q

How is legionella pneumophila spread

A

Through contaminated water droplets, warm and damp places such as hot tubs, air-conditioning systems, plumbing systems

30
Q

Preventing legionella pneumophila in the community

A

Water supply should be cooled below 20C or heated above 60C

31
Q

When can amoxicilin not be used

A

When organism doesn’t have cell wall

32
Q

What causes walking pneumoniae

A 
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Often in young adults, patient is able to walk about and generally doesn't feel unwell
Non-productive coug
Malaise
Myalgia
Rash is often seen
33
Q

IV drug users are likely to get what type of pneumoniae

A

Staphylococcus aureus, hematogenous spread leading to cardiovascular infections

Respiratory (26 decks)

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