Chapter 15-17

Question 1

What is the pathway in which sound travels through the ear?

Answer 1

• The sound waves travel from the outer ear
• through the auditory canal
• causing the eardrum, tympanic membrane, to vibrate
• This causes the ossicles (Incus, Stapes, Malleus) in the middle ear to move
• The vibrations move via the oval window through the fluid in the cochlea in the inner ear, stimulating thousands of tiny hair cells.
• This causes a transformation of the vibrations into electrical impulses
• perceived by the brain as sound.

Question 2

What are the 5 basic taste sensations? What does each elicit?

Answer 2

• Sweet
  
  • Energy-rich nutrients
• Sour
  
  • Typically a taste of acid
• Salt
  
  • allows modulating diet for electrolyte regulation
• Bitter
  
  • Allows sensing diverse
• Umami
  
  • Taste of amino acids

Question 3

Why do you need to urinate frequently when you drink alcohol?

Answer 3

Alcohol is a diuretic. It acts on the kidneys to make you pee out much more than you take in – which is why you need to go to the toilet so often when you drink. In fact for every 1g of alcohol drunk, urine excretion increases by 10ml.

Question 4

What happens in hyperinsulinism and how is it treated?

Answer 4

• hyperinsulinism refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood
• an iv glucose infusion can treat rapidly but long-term medications include Diazoxide, octreotide, and nifedipine.

Question 5

What is the result of too much hGH?

Answer 5

• In children the result of too much growth hormone is gigantism
• in adults, it called acromegaly

Question 6

What is the result of too little hGH?

Answer 6

• Too little growth hormone (deficiency) results in poor growth in children.
• In adults, it causes a reduced sense of wellbeing, increased fat, increased risk of heart disease and weak heart, muscles, and bones.

Question 7

What happens to someone with diabetes?

Answer 7

Type 1

• an autoimmune condition.
• It’s caused by the body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies.
• the damaged pancreas doesn’t make insulin.

Type 2

• insulin-dependent diabetes
• is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Signs and symptoms of both types

• increased thirst
• frequent urination
• hunger, fatigue
• blurred vision

Question 8

Why do RBCs only last about 120 days?

Answer 8

• Mature RBCs do not have a nucleus
• they are incapable of doing protein synthesis, growing or dividing

Question 9

What happens to an RBC when it dies?

Answer 9

• They are engulfed by macrophages in the spleen
• the hemoglobin is broken up
• iron is salvaged and transported to the bone marrow by proteins.