Chapter 18-23

Question 1

Compare/Contrast veins and arteries

Answer 1

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood they contract the artery walls to move blood away from the heart along with skeletal muscle. Veins carry blood and have valves to prevent backflow and use skeletal muscle to move blood back towards the heart.

Every artery except the pulmonary arteries carries oxygenated blood. Every vein except the pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood.

Question 2

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 2

• IgD
• IgG
• IgM
• IgA
• IgE

Question 3

Describe IgD

Answer 3

• Monomer found on the surface of B cells
• Functions as B cell receptor

Question 4

Describe IgG

Answer 4

• Monomer
  
  • 75–85% of antibodies in plasma
• Crosses placental barrier/ breast milk
• Forms secondary and late primary responses

Question 5

IgM

Answer 5

• Pentamer (larger than others)
  
  • the first antibody released
• Potent agglutinating agent
  
  • Readily fixes and activates complement

Question 6

Describe IgA (secretory)

Answer 6

• Monomer/dimer
  
  • in mucus and other secretions
• Helps prevent entry of pathogens

Question 7

Describe IgE

Answer 7

• Monomer active in some allergies and parasitic infections
• Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

Question 8

Humoral immunity

Answer 8

activation and clonal selection of effector B cells, which produce antibodies that circulate blood. Extracellular targets.

Question 9

Cellular immunity

Answer 9

activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells, which identify and destroy infected cells.

Question 10

What is fever and why it’s beneficial?

Answer 10

Fever is when your body temperature rises above normal, it’s beneficial because it changes the temperature to outside the range that pathogens can live therefore fighting possible infections

Question 11

What is the Valsalva maneuver

Answer 11

The Valsalva maneuver is performed by attempting to forcibly create abdominal pressure while keeping the mouth and nose closed. babies do this when they poop.

Question 12

What is HDL and what does it do?

Answer 12

HDL(good cholesterol)-, absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke.

Question 13

What is LDL and what does it do?

Answer 13

LDL(bad cholesterol)-makes up most of your body’s cholesterol. High levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke.