IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is this?

A

ALCIAN BLUE

  • GAG-rich
  • mucous
  • mast cells
  • cartilage

BLUE

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2
Q

What is this?

A

EOSIN

  • colloidal proteins
  • plasma

PINK

EOSINOPHILIC = ACIDOPHILIC

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3
Q

What is this?

A

IRON HAEMATOXYLIN

  • nuclei
  • elastic fibres

BLACK

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4
Q

What is this?

A

PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS)

  • hexose sugars (complex carbs)
  • goblet cell mucins
  • cartilage matrix
  • glycogen
  • basement membranes
  • brush border

MAGENTA (DARK PINK)

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5
Q

What is this?

A

ROMANOVSKY/LEISHMANN’S (BLOOD FILMS)

  • Chromatn/nuclei and neutrophil granules (PURPLE)
  • eryhtrocytes/eosin granules (RED/PINK)
  • lymphocyte/monocyte plasma (PALE BLUE)
  • basophil granules (DARK BLUE/PURPLE)
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6
Q
A

TOLUIDINE BLUE

  • nuclei/ribosomoes (DARK BLUE)
  • cytoplasm (PALE BLUE)
  • cartilage/matrix/mast cell/GAG rich (BRIGHT PURPLE)
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7
Q
A

VAN GIESON’S TRICHROME WITH HAEMATOXYLIN COUNTER STAIN

  • collagen (PINK RED)
  • cell cytoplasm (YELLOW/OLIVE GREEN)
  • nuclei (BLACK)
  • elastic tissue (DARK BROWN)
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8
Q
A

HAEMATOXYLIN

  • nuclei
  • RNA

BLUE

BASOPHILIC STRUCTURES = BLUE

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9
Q
A

SILVER STAIN - NEURONS

  • neurons are large
  • 25-60 microns
  • because of slide thickness you cannot see all processes
  • 1-5 dendritic processes
  • metabolically active
  • fully differentiated
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10
Q
A

LYMPHOCYTE SIZE

  • small = 5 microns
  • little cytoplasm as dormant and not fully differentiated
  • metabolically inactive
  • minimal rER
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11
Q
A

EPITHELIA

  • barries
  • single layer = simple
  • multi layer = stratified
  • stratified = protection
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12
Q
A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

  • height > width
  • oval nucleus
  • longer axis perp. to base of cell
  • often microvilli or cilia at apical membrane
  • GUT ENTEROCYTES and RESPIRATORY TRACT

left = gallballder

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13
Q
A

INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM

  • enterocytes w/ goblet cells
  • epithelia sit on BM - permeability barrier between epithelium and connective tissue
  • microvilli at apical surface = BRUSH BORDER
  • brush border - increase SA / attachment of exo-enzymes
  • samll intestine = simple columnar
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14
Q
A

MICROVILLI/INTESTINAL WITH PAS AND HAEMATOXYLIN

  • microvilli with carb. rich GLYCOCALYX
  • goblet cells and BM rich in HEXOSE
  • stain magenta
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15
Q
A

CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

  • nose/larynx/bronchial tree/fallopian tube
  • SIMPLE COLUMNAR EP w/ goblet cells and cilia
  • cilia = 2 microns

LEFT = NOSE

stained with H&E and ALCIAN BLUE

cilia movement by tubulin and dynein

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16
Q
A

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

  • square
  • round nucleus
  • @ducts of exocrine glands - sweat glands, salivary, pancreas
  • kidney tissue
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17
Q
A

SQUAMOUS

  • outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs
  • simple squamous epithelium (SEROSA)
  • also lines pleural and peritoneal cavities
  • air sacs of lungs (alveoli)
  • FLATTENED
  • CYLINDRICAL/ELLIPTICAL NUCLEI @ base of cell

LEFT = serosa @ outer wall intestine

18
Q
A

AIR / BLOOD BARRIER

  • septa = capillaries covered by simple squamous ep
  • typically 1 micron
  • overall thickness = 5-10 microns
  • with 2x capillary endothelial cells, 2x T1 pneumocytes and capillary lumen
19
Q
A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

  • mouth, throat, oesophagus, anus, vagina
  • cells replaced from below
  • stem cells (mitosis capable) at basal layer
  • sloughed off from top

this slide = moist non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium at mouth

(moist from glandular secretion)

20
Q
A

KERATINISED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

  • epidermis
  • lower layers epidermis similar to stratified squamous
  • upper layers syntehsise unique collection of proteins - interact with cytoskeleton of cell to produce keratin
  • keratine - dense protein, fills cytoplasm of cells = tough and waterproof
  • when full of keratin cells die and are sloughed off

this slide - hairless skin @ lower lip

blue/purple = living

pink = dead keratinised squames

@ boundary =layer with blue keratohyaline granules

STRATUM GRANULOSUM - intermediate with blue grans

STEM CELLS @ basal layers

21
Q
A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED

  • multilayered but when stretched flattens
  • TRACHE AND BRONCHI
  • @urinary tract = specialised UROTHELIUM

distinguish from stratified

all cells in contact with BM

cells replaced by lateral migration not vertical

this slide - trachea

22
Q
A

CELL JUNCTIONS

  • bound tightly together to prevent macromolecule or fluid movement
  • DESMOSOMES
  • TIGHT (ADHERENT) JUNCTIONS
  • GAP JUNCTIONS
23
Q
A

GLANDS

  • epithelial in origin - develop as ingrowths
  • exocrine glands to surface by ducts
  • fluid, lubricants, enzymes

MUCUS - separate acini from serous, occasionally mixed

PALE - flattened nucleus at base of cell

SEROUS

DARK - round nuclei

24
Q
A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE - INTRO

  • extracellular fibre scaffold - COLLAGEN/ELASTIN
  • jelly-like matrix - hydrophilic polysaccharide polymer - GAG - glycosaminoglycans
  • GAG - synthesises @ epithelial cells, muscle, cartilage, bone
  • COLLAGEN/ELASTIN synthesised by fibroblast
25
Q
A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE - TERMINOLOGY

SOFT - flexible/gel-like

  • fibrous - collagen/elastic/reticulin (with silver = black lines)

LOOSE IRREGULAR - few visible fibres/random orientate

DENSE IRREGULAR - large number of fibres/little matrix

DENSE IRREGULAR - large number of fibres - long parallel bundles

  • fatty - mainly fat cells with intervening capillaries

HARD - bond

26
Q
A

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • dermis of scalp
  • long fibres of collagen in many directions
  • fibres stain pink
  • fibres with dark nuclei (fibrobalsts) alongside
  • collagen fibres not uniform thickness
  • INSET - fibroblast
  • COLLAGEN FIBRES = EXTRACELLULAR
27
Q
A

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  • ligament
  • thick ribbons of parallel collagen
  • fibroblasts at layer between
  • compact and regular

COLLAGEN NEITHER ELASTIC NOR CONTRACTILE

28
Q
A

COLLAGEN (TROPOCOLLAGEN = 300n)

  • 12 types
  • NEITHER ELASTIC NOR CONTRACTILE

TYPE

  1. SKIN/BONE/TEETH/ORGAN CAPSULES
  2. CARTILAGE
  3. LIVER/KIDNEY/SPLEEN/ARTERIES/UTERUS (reticulin)
  4. BASEMENT MEMBRANES (sheet like)
  5. PLACENTA

STRUCTURE - overlapping linear strands TROPO-COLLAGEN

TC secreted from fibroblasts - arranged to fibrils extracellularly

overlapping gives rise to characteristic banding

TC = 3 linear polypeptide chains @ alpha helix

29
Q
A

LOOSE AND DENSE

  • dense irregular at penis erectile compartment (inner) forms a capsule/sheath
  • this is common between cells of most organs and tissue
  • outside = loose

@ penis - an inextensible capsule around erectile compartments means extra blood makes it turgid

30
Q
A

RETICULIN (TYPE 3 COLLAGEN) - SILVER STAIN

  • shape and intergrity of many organs by extracellular fibres
  • coarser elements = T1
  • fine frameworkd = T3/reticulin

TISSUE OF RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM ie. lymph nodes, spleen, liver

RETICULIN FORMS BRANCHED FIBRES

  • most collagen forms linear fibres
31
Q
A

ELASTIC FIBRES

  • microfibres of fibrillin set in amorphous matrix of elastin
  • fine fibres or sheets
  • PINK WITH H&E - tough to distinguish collagen
  • DARKER STAINING

this slide - large elastic artery

concentric sheets of elastic tissue (in vessels near heart)

stain pink with eosin

difficult distinguish collagen (GLISTENS)

perforated elastic sheets with snake-like character

32
Q
A

ELASTIC FIBRES 2

  • with elastic Van gieson’s trichrome
  • DARK BROWN
33
Q
A

FATTY CONNECTIVE - DIPOSE

  • white and brown
  • white fat more abundant
  • large cells with single fat droplet
  • protect vital organs and energy store (INSULATION AND PACKING)
  • usually deposited alongside capillaries therefore many vessels
  • brown fat abundant in new born
  • limited in later life (chest and shoulder-blade)
  • multi-locular - many droplets per cell
  • generation of heat via oxidation of FAs
34
Q
A

NERVES

  • supporting cells OLIGODENDROCYTES (CNS), SCHWANN CELLS (PNS) produce myelin (insulate/conductive)
  • cell bodies mainly at CNS or sensory at DRG
  • myelin lost in tissue processing

this slide - axons in transverse section

  • each axon surrounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm
  • with dark staining lamina = myelinated
  • A - Schwann cell nucleus
  • B - axon w/myelin sheath
  • C - unmyelinated axon
  • D - myelin sheath

Schwann cells may contain many unmyelinated axons

Myelin linkage: adhesion proteins

35
Q
A

SCHWANN CELLS AND AXONS SUPPORTED

  • each axon with continuous Schwann cell chain
  • MYELINATED - 1:1 relationship with Schwann
  • UNMYELINATED - several:1

MYELINATED AXONS - generally larger (greater diameter) with increased velocity of conduction

MYELIN

membranous, bilipid (phospholipid), proteins inserted between layers

Predominantly phospholipid = SPHINGOMYELIN

MESAXON - where 2 limbs of Schwann/Oligo around axon fuse = focal point where myelin inserted in myelin sheath

36
Q
A

PERIPHERAL NERVES

  • mix of motor/sensory axons
  • surrounded by Schwann cells
  • between axons = connective tissue network (fibres and cells)

CONNECTIVE TISSUE NETWORK

  • endoneurium
  • perineurium
  • exoneurium

5 NERVE FIBRES - with many axons - surrounded by endoneurium and perineurium

Flattened nuclei = fibroblasts

Rounded nuceli = Schwann

37
Q
A

ISOLATED PERIPHERAL NERVES (OSMIUM TETROXIDE STAIN) - TRANSVERSE

  • lipid of myelin sheath extracted in processing
  • if treat nerve with osmium tertroxide renders myelin insoluble
  • myelin = brown/black

this slide - osmium tetroxide and H&E

various diameters

many axons = nerve fibre (w/perineum)

many nerve fibres = nerve (peripheral) w/epineurium

38
Q
A

ISOLATED PERIPHERAL NERVES (OSMIUM TETROXIDE STAIN) - LONGITUDINAL

  • worm-like
  • constrictions = NODES OF RANVIER - boundary between one Schwann cell and next

MYELINATED = 10-100 m/s

UNMYELINATED = 1-20 m/s

39
Q
A

SYNAPSE

  • large number of neuro-secretory vesicles @ presynaptic space
  • dark staining either side of synapse
40
Q
A

NERVE CELL BODIES (SILVER)

  • either @ CNS or in discrete ganglia close to spinal cord
  • exception is PNS with clusters close to organ innervated
  • silver stain has affinity for cytoskeleton of cells
  • neurons have developed cytoskeleton, therefore stain heavily

GOLDEN BROWN - nucleus pale but nucleolus black

cytoskeleton - mictrotubules (tubulin and dynein) = axonal transport i.e. vesicles from golgi to end and back/neurofilaments (intermediate architecture) = axonal diameter

no. processes

unipolar - sensory

bipolar - interneurons

multipolar - motor neurons

41
Q
A

NERVE CELL BODIES (H&E)

  • sensory cell bodies at DRG
  • large
  • one axon
  • one major dendrite
  • appear more rounded than motor neurons

this slide - DRG with large cell bodies

DARK STAINING PATCHES IN PERIKARYON (cytoplasm around nucleus) = NISSL SUBSTANCE (aka rER)

nissl substance synthesis of proteins for export from cell or inclusion in membrane