Respiratory Flashcards

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RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM (TOLUIDINE BLUE)

  • nuclei, ribosomes - dark blue, cytoplasm - blue
  • ciliated cells
  • non-ciliated goblet cells
  • underlying tissue rich in blood vesseld (temp and humidity) and sero-muscous glands (secretions via ducts)
  • mucous prevents dehydration of epithelium and traps particulate matter

SIMPLE/PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM

with non-ciliated (basal/intermediate) stem cells - renewal of epithelium

@nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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2
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NOSE (H&E AND ALCIAN BLUE)

  • mucous/cartilage - blue
  • central bone plate - pink
  • respiratory epithelium either side
  • thin walled blood vessels between epithelium and bone
  • mucous containing goblet cells stained bright blue
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3
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NOSE OVERVIEW

  • simple ciliated respiratory epithelium except at opening (hairy skin)
  • concha covered in respiratory epithelium
  • swell bodies - thin arterioles/venules deep to epithelium (nose bleeds)
  • thin skin allows the escape of water (moistening air)
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4
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OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM

  • @ roof of nose below cribriform plate
  • pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with basal and sustentacular (supporting cells)
  • with bipolar neurons - dendritic process to surface (arrow)
  • serous glands to surface (solvent for odorous substances)
  • thicker than other respiratory epithelium

special cells = Bowman’s glands - small serous glands below olfactory epithelium

sustentacular cells tall, narrow, in contact w/ BM. bulky cytoplasm near lumen. cytoplasm accumulates yellow/brown pigment.

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5
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LARYNX

  • respiratory epithelium, except vocal folds
  • vocal folds - stratified squamous epithelium (more robust, may withstand vibration)

below epiglottis larynx -> 2 sets of folds

Vocal folds

  • contain free upper margin of elastic tissue (conus elasticus)
  • tensioned by voluntary skeletal muscle - vocalis muscle

FALSE FOLDS - upper - respiratory epithelium

TRUE FOLDS - lower - stratified squamous epithelium

VESTIBULE - between - respiratory epithelium

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6
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TRACHEA

  • pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
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7
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VOCAL CORDS

  • stratified squamous epithelium
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8
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VOCAL FOLDS 2

  • red arrow points to voluntary skeletal muscle
  • green arrow points to sero-mucous glands
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9
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TRACEHA 2

  • lumen of trachea = top
  • C-shaped cartilage = bottom
  • epithelium = pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
  • note serous glands visible which secrete to surface
  • with H&E, goblet cells stain white
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10
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BRONCHUS (H&E)

  • respiratory epithelium
  • held open by hyaline cartilage framework (dark stain) which appear as isolated islands
  • smooth muscle band under epithelium
  • lymph nodules (MALT- mucosa associated lymph tissue) @ connective tissue
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11
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MALT NODULE (@ TRACHEA)

  • left arrow points to MALT nodule
  • right arrow points to smooth muscle band

LYMPH NODE = discrete, encapsulated collection of lymphoid tissue

MALT NODULE = no capsule, intimately related to epithelium

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12
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BRONCHIOLES

  • simple ciliated respiratory epithelium
  • no hyaline cartilage
  • smooth muscle
  • lymph nodules
  • closely associated arteries and veins (branches of pulmonary artery/vein)
  • no goblet cells

unlike bronchi may be contstricted by smooth muscle as no cartilage

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13
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TERMINAL/RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES (not respiratory epithelium)

terminal

  • SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
  • sparsely ciliated
  • CLARA CELLS - many large ribosomes, ER, and granules -> function is secretory and synthetic
  • sphincter-like smooth muscle ring

respiratory

  • SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
  • larger than terminal - beginning of respiratory portion of lung

this slide - terminal

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14
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ALVEOLI

  • walls = capillaries between simple squamous epithelium
  • fibroblasts in walls - produce type 3 collagen (reticulin) and elastic tissue (recoil)
  • adjoining alveoli connected by pores = equal inflation

type 1 cells (thin) - flat cells, flat nuceli, 40% of population, 90% of SA

type 2 cells (globular) - secretes surfactant (lipid rich), 60% of pop., 10% SA, rounded, round dark staining nuclei

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15
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ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

  • free roam in alveoli - phagocytose particulate matter and cell debris
  • from monocytes in blood
  • other macrophages stay in lung substance and engulf material that enters alveoli wall
  • contain black ingested dust (carbon) particles

ALVEOLAR - enter teminal/respiratory bronchioles and pass to lymphatics or are transported by muco-ciliary escalator

FIXED/SEPTAL - remain in interstitium between cells and tissue

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16
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TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTE

  • A - alveolus
  • BL - basal lamina (basement membrane)
  • EP and EP1 - type 1 pneumocyte
  • G - surfactant containing granules
17
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PULMONARY BLOOD VESSELS

  • large pulmonary blood vessels accompany bronchi
  • indistinguishable from systemic counterparts EXCEPT large pulmonary arteries have longitudinally running elastic fibers in wall
  • large pulmonary veins w/ clearly defined medial layeer of muscle and elastic tissue and well-defined internal elastic lamina