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Neuroscience > Sensory Systems Overview > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Receives one form of energy (mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic) and converts it to another (electrical)

A

Receptor/Transducer

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2
Q

Exist in the form of membrane-bound protein complexes

A

Receptors

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3
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Light

A

Sensory Modality: Visual

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4
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Head movement

A

Sensory Modality: Vestibular

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5
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Chemical

A

Sensory Modality: Gustatory/Olfactory/Itch

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6
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Sound

A

Sensory Modality: Auditory

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7
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Body Movement/position

A

Sensory Modality: Proprioception

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8
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Thermal

A

Sensory Modality: Temperature

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9
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Chemical/Mechanical/Thermal

A

Sensory Modality: Pain

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10
Q

Adequate Stimulus: Pressure

A

Sensory Modality: Touch

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11
Q

Receptor Cell: Rods/cones

A

Sensory Modality: Visual

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12
Q

Receptor Cell: hair cells

A

Sensory Modality: Auditory/Vestibular

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13
Q

Receptor Cell: Taste cells (in buds)

A

Sensory Modality: Gustatory

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14
Q

Receptor Cell: Olfactory neurons

A

Sensory Modality: Olfactory

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15
Q

Receptor Cell: Cutaneous mechano

A

Sensory Modality: Touch

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16
Q

Receptor Cell: Muscle/joint mechano

A

Sensory Modality: Proprioception

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17
Q

Receptor Cell: Cold/warm receptors

A

Sensory Modality: Temperature

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18
Q

Receptor Cell: Nociceptor

A

Sensory Modality: Pain

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19
Q

Receptor Cell: Chemoreceptor

A

Sensory Modality: Itch

20
Q

Least complicated receptor form

A

unencapsulated

21
Q

The “free” nerve ending loses its myelin sheath and is only separated from tissue by the Schwann cell and a basement membrane. Many of these respond to noxious and thermal stimuli, and are found throughout the body.

A

unencapsulated

22
Q

These receptors consist of an elaborate arrangement of tissues or specialized cells that receive the peripheral endings of nerve fibers.

A

encapsulated

23
Q

These specializations contribute to the response properties of the associated nerve endings to different forms of stimuli but the nonneural cells are not excitable. Examples include the Pacinian corpuscle and Meissner’s corpuscle.

A

encapsulated

24
Q

These receptors are electrogenic cells that become involved in the process of sensory transduction and their response depolarizes the attached nerve ending (e.g., cochlear hair cells)

A

Specialized

25
Q

Receptor responds to energy it is “tuned” to, and responds by changing ______.

A

membrane conductance

26
Q

A change in conductance leads to a change in _____.

A

potential

27
Q

A change in conductance can lead to the generation of an ______.

A

action potential

28
Q

Sensory receptors transduce one form of energy into electrical energy

A

stimulus transduction

29
Q

Distinct sensory experiences within a modality

Ex: sweet and sour of taste; colors of vision; warm and cool of temperature sense

A

Sensory Qualities

30
Q

The region within which a stimulus of proper modality and sufficient intensity will evoke an electrophysiological response in a sensory neuron

A

Neuron’s Receptive Field

31
Q

The minimal energy level that is necessary to evoke a response (neuron) or a sensation (person)

A

Sensory Threshold

32
Q

______ leads to higher amplitude receptor potential (similar to post-synaptic potentials),
greater frequency of action potentials, and
recruitment of more receptors.

A

More intense stimulus

33
Q

The discriminability of stimuli within a sensory modality. It is determined by a combination of receptive field size and density of receptors

A

Acuity

34
Q

In general, stimulus intensity (magnitude) is encoded by frequency (nerve impulses/second) and population (number of receptors activated) codes

A

Stimulus Intensity Coding

35
Q

With many modalities, the strength of the stimulus is directly related to the receptor potential amplitude, and the action potential generation rate of the sensory neuron

A

Frequency Coding

36
Q

The duration that the receptor potential remains at threshold relative to the duration of the stimulus. All receptors ultimately show adaptation although some are very slow

A

Receptor Adaptation

37
Q

application of a stimulus will result in a response initially, but a rapid reduction and cessation of action potential generation, even when the stimulus is steadily maintained

A

Rapidly adapting receptors

38
Q

application of a stimulus results in a repetitive discharge in the primary afferent neuron as long as the stimulus is maintained, although rate of discharge gradually reduces over time

A

Slowly adapting receptors

39
Q

The smallest fibers are unmyelinated

A

C fibers

40
Q

Thicker axons are myelinated

A

A fibers

41
Q

The distance between the nodes of Ranvier is greater

A

A fibers

42
Q

_____ nerve fibers conduct action potentials more rapidly than ______ fibers and unmyelinated fibers

A

Large myelinated, smaller unmyelinated

43
Q

Large myelinated nerve fibers conduct action potentials more rapidly than smaller myelinated fibers and unmyelinated fibers. Why?

A
  • The increased diameter of the myelin sheath produces a lower internal longitudinal resistance
  • Myelinated fibers propagate impulses by saltatory conduction; since larger fibers have longer internodes, conduction is more efficient
44
Q

Conduction velocity increases by about 6 meter/sec per one micrometer increase in _____

A

fiber diameter

45
Q

As a nerve bundle is compressed, action potential block occurs first with _____ fibers, and progressively with ______ fibers over time

A

larger, smaller

46
Q

As local anesthetics are applied to a nerve bundle, the first fibers affected are the _____ axons, and progressively l_____ fibers are blocked over time

A

unmyelinated, larger

47
Q

The reduction in response rate with continuous stimulation

A

adaptation

Neuroscience (21 decks)

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