Gustation

Question 1

True or False? Every person has a different genetically-determined sense of taste that influences weight, health and enjoyment.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

On what portion of the taste bud is transduction initiated?

Answer 2

Apical

Question 3

Taste is translated via graded receptor potentials at the _____ portion where they release a neurotransmitter, (probably serotonin or ATP) onto terminals of cranial nerves ______.

Answer 3

basal; VII, IX, and X

Question 4

____ cells are like stem cells to replace receptor cells that last about 2 weeks

Answer 4

Basal

Question 5

Taste cells synapse with ________ neurons

Answer 5

primary sensory

Question 6

Taste buds are distributed on what 4 surfaces?

Answer 6

dorsal surface of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and upper part of the esophagus

Question 7

CircuMvallate have ____% of the taste buds; foliate have ____%; and fungiform heve ____%

Answer 7

50; 25; 25

Question 8

Neurons project to the _______ regions of the Solitary Tract Nucleus in the medulla,also known as the gustatory nucleus of the Solitary Tract complex. Project to the ______. Then projects to the ______

Answer 8

rostral and lateral; ventral posterior complex of the thalamus; insular taste cortex and the operculum of the frontal lobe

Question 9

What are the gustatory pathways?

Answer 9

The chorda tympani and greater superior petrosal branches of the facial nerve; the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve; and the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve to innervate the tongue, palate, epiglottis and esophagus. Input to the gustatory nucleus is VII, IX, and X from rostral to caudal

Question 10

There are secondary neocortical taste areas in the caudal lateral orbitofrontal cortex, these neurons diminish their activity after food is consumed to the point of satiety, therefore may be involved in hunger. Other projections go through the _____ to the ______ for the emotional aspects of eating, and to the _____ to help govern homeostasis.

Answer 10

pons; amygdala; hypothalamus

Question 11

True or False? Taste qualities remain segregated in the cortex.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Types of chemicals that cause the sweet taste include _____

Answer 12

sugars, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amides, esters, and others

Question 13

True or False? most substances that cause a sweet sensation are organic

Answer 13

True

Question 14

The bitter taste is elicited by different types of substances including:
_____-

Answer 14

Long-chain organic substances that contain nitrogen

Alkaloids, such as strychnine, caffeine and nicotine

Question 15

What is the standard test substance for sugar?

Answer 15

sucrose

Question 16

What is the standard test substance for bitter?

Answer 16

quinine

Question 17

What is the standard test substance for salt?

Answer 17

NaCl

Question 18

What is the standard test substance for sour?

Answer 18

HCl

Question 19

True or False? Umami is similar to sweet location on the tongue

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Taste sensations are influenced by?

Answer 20

Olfaction
Temperature
Pressure
Pain (spicy foods, carbonated sodas)

Question 21

The intensity of taste depends on the ______ and ______

Answer 21

concentration of the substance; the amount of tongue surface area that is stimulated (spatial summation)

Question 22

True or False? any one afferent fiber can respond to multiple taste qualities

Answer 22

True

Question 23

The pattern of responses of an individual afferent fiber is called its ______

Answer 23

taste profile

Question 24

G-protein-coupled receptors (T1R3/T1R2)

Answer 24

Sweet Foods

Question 25

G-protein-coupled receptors (T2R and gustducin)

Answer 25

Bitter Foods

Question 26

G-protein-coupled receptors (T1R3/T1R1)

Answer 26

Protein foods

Question 27

Tastant-transducing channels

Answer 27

Salty Foods

Question 28

Tastant-transducing channels

Answer 28

Sour Foods

Question 29

Activate phospholipase C and the TRP channel to increase calcium influx

Answer 29

Bitter Foods, Bitter Foods, Protein Foods

Question 30

Increase Na+ influx

Answer 30

Salty Foods

Question 31

Increase hydrogen ion influx via TRP channel and block K+ efflux

Answer 31

Sour Foods

Question 32

decreased taste sensitivity

Answer 32

Hypogeusia

Question 33

total loss of taste sensitivity

Answer 33

Ageusia

Question 34

increased taste sensitivity

Answer 34

Hypergeusia

Question 35

distortions of tastes

Answer 35

Dysgeusia (parageusia)

Question 36

perception of taste without taste bud stimulation

Answer 36

Gustatory hallucinations

Question 37

Inability to identify, classify, or contrast tastes verbally

Answer 37

Gustatory agnosia

Question 38

True or False? Taste sensations adapt rapidly, often almost completely within a minute or so of continuous stimulation. This adaptation occurs in both the peripheral and central nervous systems

Answer 38

True