Bladder Tumours Flashcards
1
Q
where does urothelium line from
A
renal pelvis and calyces right down to urethra
2
Q
what are the cells at the luminal surface of urothelium called
A
umbrella cells - domed surface
3
Q
name 2 special properties of urothelium
A
- variability in the thickness of the cells represents different states of distension
- apical surface has a thickened membrane to provide a highly impermeable barrier
4
Q
what are 90% of bladder tumours
A
TCC
5
Q
risk factors for TCC
A
- Chemical exposure: aniline dyes, aromatic anines (rubber industry), cyclophosphamide
- Analgesics
- Smoking
- Male > female
6
Q
what age are they most common
A
5th decade of life
7
Q
presentation
A
- PAINLESS HAEMATURIA
- recurrent UTI
- voiding irritability
- general systemic features
8
Q
which region of the bladder do most TCC occur in
A
trigone - can cause ureteric obstruction
9
Q
papillary TCC
A
- superficial, mushroom like shape
- 80% TCC are these, 50% of these are infiltrative malignancies
10
Q
carcinoma in situ - TCC
A
- very abnormal
- tend to grow quickly
- high grade
11
Q
stage 0a and 0is
A
12
Q
what stage is stromal and detrusor muscle invasion
A
13
Q
recurrence of TCC?
A
- frequent, tumours often progress to a higher grade/stage
- screen with cytstoscopy at least once a year for those with previous cancer
14
Q
investigations
A
- cystoscopy
- CT urogram provides staging
15
Q
how may the appearance of papillary tumours be described
A
stippled
