Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunity > T cells/T cell receptors and Antigen Presenting Cells > Flashcards

T cells/T cell receptors and Antigen Presenting Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three cells of innate immunity?

A

Phgocytes, NK cells, Dendritic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting (mDC) and Interferon-producing (pDC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cells of innate immunity are also cells of

A

Adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Have a variety of functions including phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines and antigen presentation

A

Dendritic Cells (DCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Collect proteins, some of which come from disease causing pathogens

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Break down the proteins into peptides (short protein fragments 8-15 amino acids)

A

APCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

APCs show these peptide fragments to

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Initiate the adaptive immune response

A

APCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Naïve T cells have not been exposed to

A

Antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do little/nothing to directly clear infections

A

Naïve T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Produce effector molecules like cytokines (IL-4, IFN-γ)

A

Effector T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Long lived, antigen specific cells that respond very quickly if reexposed to same antigen; rapid production of effector molecules/functions

A

Memory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lymphocyte clones mature in generative lymphoid organs in the absence of

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Clones of mature lymphocytes specific for diverse antigens enter

A

Lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Antigen-specific clones are then activted by

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The result is an antigen-specific

A

Immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Effector T cells and antibodies persist for weeks after exposure to antigen. This is called

A

Protective immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Innate immune system signaling (i.e. TLRs) activates

-Causing maturation

A

DCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Must receive 2 signals to be fully activated

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Costimulatory molecules are upregulated on

-following signals from the innate immune system

A

APCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Binding of T-cell receptor (TCR) to the antigen-HLA complex on the dendritic cell (DC) delivers a signal (signal 1) that can induce

A

Activation and expansion of T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The costimulatory signal (signal 2) is given by binding of

A

CD28 to B7 molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lack of costimulation inhibits

A

T cell responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lack of Costimulation Inhibits T cell Responses. This is one reason that

A

Tumors are hard to clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Malignant tumor cells express Tumor Restricted Antigen (TRA) but no costimulatory molecules. As a result, CD8 T cells specific for the TRA can not be

A

Activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Upregulated on T cells after T cell is activated

A

CTLA-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Also binds to B-7, but its function is to shut down the T cell response

A

CTLA-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Cross-linking of CD28 delivers the co-stimulatory signal during activation of naive T cells and induces the expression of

A

CTLA-4 (CD152)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CTLA-4 is upregulated soon after T cell activation. It is essential for

A

Shutting down T cell responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mice without CTLA-4 die days after birth as a result of massive T cell infiltration of major

A

Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Therapeutic costimulatory blockades are used as a strategy to block the function of autoreactive T cells to prevent

A

Autoimmunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

To do this, we inject soluble CTLA-4 (CTLA-4-Ig) binds to B7 and prevents T cell from receiving signal 2 from

A

APC

-as a result, T cell becomes anergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

We can enhance anti-tumor T cells by blocking the function of

-patient will often experience autoimmunity as well

A

CTLA-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the CTLA-4 blocker produced by Bristol-Myers Squibb?

A

Ipilimumab (Yervoy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In the early signalling events in T cell activation, TCR complex and coreceptors cluster within membrane lipid rafts upon

A

Antigen recognition

36
Q

Then, Lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine motif (LCK) phosphorylates tyrosines in

A

ITAM

37
Q

Next, ZAP-70 binds to phosphotyrosines and phosphorylates adaptor proteins including

A

Linker for Activation of T cells (LAT)

38
Q

Recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills the infected cell

A

Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells

39
Q

What are the two typed of CD4 T cells?

A

TH1 and Helper T cells

40
Q

Recognizes complexes of bacterial peptides with MHC class II and activated macrophages

A

TH1

41
Q

Recognizes complexes of antigenic peptide with MHC class II and activates B cells

A

Helper T cells

42
Q

Functions to stimulate IgG production

A

TH1 cells

43
Q

Stimulates the production of IgE

A

TH2 cells

44
Q

Functions in classical macrophage activation and enhanced microbial killing

A

TH1

45
Q

two of the main functions of TH2 are

A

Antibody production and mast cell degranulation

46
Q

Also functions in intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis and eosinophil activation

A

TH2 cells

47
Q

TH2 cells can also function in as an alternative for macrophage activation which results in

A

Enhanced fibrosis/tissue repair

48
Q

Functions in inflammation and to generate anti-microbial peptides. The also increase barrier function

A

TH17 cells

49
Q

Inhibit T cell activation and T cell effector functions

A

Regulatory (Tregs) T cells

50
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of Treg function?

A
  1. ) DC targeting
  2. ) Inhibitory cytokines
  3. ) Cytolysis
  4. ) Metabolic disruption
51
Q

Peptides from pathogens are presented to T cells in the context of

A

MHC

52
Q

What happens if the pathogen changes such that its peptides cannot be presented by MHC?

A

No immune response will occur

53
Q

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) escapes CD8 T cells by mutating amino acids necessary for binding to

A

MHC class I

54
Q

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to human immunodeficiency virus arise early after

A

Infection

55
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus may evade the CTL response by accumulating amino-acid replacements within

A

CTL epitopes

56
Q

TCRs must bind to your MHC molecules, but not bind too strong (high avidity) such that the T cell is activated and causes

A

Autoimmunity

57
Q

Selects the useful T cells, eliminates the dangerous T cells, and ignores the rest

A

T cell development

58
Q

Picks out the T cells with useful TCRs

A

Positive selection

59
Q

What percentage of thymocytes fail positive selection and die?

A

95%

60
Q

Eliminates the T cells with dangerous TCRs

A

Negative selection

61
Q

What percentage of positively selected thymocytes are subsequently killed by negative selection

A

70%

62
Q

T cell recognition of self peptide-MHC is necessary for both

A

Positive and Negative Selection

63
Q

Expression of MHC in the thymus is required for

A

Positive selection

64
Q

T cell subsets develop in the

A

Thymus

65
Q

What are the 4 T cell subsets that develop in the thymus?

A
  1. ) CD4+ T cells
  2. ) CD8+ T cells
  3. ) Treg T cells
  4. ) NKT cells
66
Q

Making sure your immune system does not attack your own body

A

Immunological Tolerance

67
Q

What are the two types of immunological tolerance?

A

Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance

68
Q

Occurs in the thymus (T cells) and bone marrow (B cells)

A

Central Tolerance

69
Q

The affinity of the TCR on developing thymocytes determines if the cell is

A

Positively or negatively selected

70
Q

Thymic function decreases with

A

Age

71
Q

In the aged thymus, the perivascular space (P) is increased in size and the thymopoietic cortex (C) and medulla (M) are significantly

A

Constricted

72
Q

The TCR repertoire of the naive and memory CD4+ T cell compartments changes with

A

Age

73
Q

A cure for leukemia and other cancers, and a fantastic tool to study the immune system *The bone marrow chimeric mouse

A

Bone marrow transplant

74
Q

Killed by chemotherapy and radiation

A

Hematopoetic Cells

75
Q

Not killed by chemotherapy and radiation

A

Epithelial/stromal cells

76
Q

After a bone marrow transplant, immune cells will have genotype of the donor, while the epithelial/stromal cells will have the genotype of the

A

Host

77
Q

Cell surface marker on all hematopoietic cells

A

CD45

78
Q

What are the 5 steps of a bone marrow transplant to cure cancer?

A
  1. ) Collection
  2. ) Processing
  3. ) Cryopreservation
  4. ) Chemotherapy
  5. ) Reinfusion
79
Q

Death after a bone marrow transplant is often caused by infection because T cells do not

A

Reconstitute

80
Q

Multi-potent cells are directed into the

A

T cell lineage

81
Q

RAG1/2 (Recombination Activating Genes 1 /2 are expressed and mediate

A

V(D)J recombination of the TCR loci

82
Q

Thymocytes undergo positive selection and then undergo

A

Negative selection

83
Q

Then, multiple lineages are defined such as

A

CD4, CD8, Treg, etc

84
Q

The selected thymocytes have TCRs that are

A

MHC restricted

85
Q

Experimental results showed that T cells cannot respond to cells from different strains of mice infected with the same

A

Same virus

Immunity (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions