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Human Biological Processes > 35. Endocrine Control Of Plasma > Flashcards

35. Endocrine Control Of Plasma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A

Protein/polypeptides, steroids, amines (derivatives of tyrosine)

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2
Q

Which hormones are hydrophobic?

A

Steroid

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3
Q

How do amines behave?

A

Some (ie thyroxine) behave like steroids, while some (ie adrenaline) behave like peptides

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4
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesised?

A

As preprohormones that require further processing and cleavage to be active

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5
Q

Where are peptide hormones stored?

A

In vesicles in gland

Don’t cross membrane easily so can be stored

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6
Q

Why are steroid hormones not stored in the gland?

A

They are synthesised and used immediately as they easily cross the membrane and leave gland when they are made

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7
Q

How do steroid hormones circulate in the blood?

A

Bound to proteins, eg albumin

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8
Q

Where are peptide hormones created?

A

By ribosomes in the ER then mature in the Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A

In the mitochondria or ER

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of peptide hormones?

A

Bind to cell surface receptors and act via secondary messenger systems

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones?

A

Act via intracellular receptors which allow the hormone-receptor complex to enter the nucleus and activate mRNA transcription

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12
Q

What is an ultra-short feedback loop?

A

Paracrine or autocrine effects

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13
Q

What is a short-loop feedback?

A

Feedback from pituitary hormone to hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is feed-forward control?

A

A direct effect of the stimulus on the control system before the action of the feedback signal occurs
Allows for preparation and adaptations

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15
Q

How much of the body weight is made up of ECF?

A

20% (14L)

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16
Q

What is the main ion present in ICF?

What is the main ion present in ECF?

A

K+

Na+ and Cl-

17
Q

What is the ECF?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

18
Q

What does osmolality represent?

A

The total solute concentration

19
Q

What is plasma osmolality related to?

A

Intracellular osmolality as plasma is the only fluid that circulates through the body and links ICF and ECF compartments

20
Q

How is sodium and water balance regulated?

A

Neural and endocrine control

21
Q

How do osmoreceptors work?

Where are they located?

A

Change size in response to changing osmolality

Located in or near hypothalamus

22
Q

What stimulates the hypothalamic thirst centre?

Which has a greater effect?

A

Decrease in plasma volume, increase in plasma osmolality

Plasma osmolality is more sensitive and thus has a greater effect

23
Q

Where is ADH stored?

A

In the posterior pituitary, in secretory granules

24
Q

How does increased osmolality cause ADH release?

A

Causes change in membrane permeability, influx of Ca2+

25
Q

What type of receptors does ADH act on?

What effects do they have?

A

V1 in arterioles, cause vasopressor action

V2 in collecting tubules, insertion of aquaporins (water transported through tubular cells and back into blood)

26
Q

What is the main function of aldosterone?

A

Regulate sodium excretion and reabsorption

Sodium retention

27
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesised?

A

The Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

28
Q

What is the first step in produced a steroid hormone?

A

Converting cholesterol into pregnenolone

29
Q

How does aldosterone affect the kidney?

A

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by distal convoluted tubule and CD

30
Q

What stimulates aldosterone release?

A

Decreased BP or volume

Decreased Na+ in filtrate

31
Q

How does aldosterone affect gene transcription?

A

Produced channels for Na+ to be reabsorbed from the urine into the ICF (Na+/K+ ATPase and epithelial sodium channels)

32
Q

How do ADH and aldosterone work together?

A

ADH decreases osmolarity, aldosterone increases blood volume

33
Q

What stimulates the release of ANP?

Where is it released from?

A

Increased atrial stretch

Released from atrial cells

34
Q

Where is BNP released from?

A

Ventricle cells

35
Q

What is the function of ANP?

A

Reduce blood volume by vasodilation of renal blood vessels, inhibit Na+ reabsorption, inhibit renin, aldosterone, and ADH release

Human Biological Processes (36 decks)

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