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year 10 mock exam revision > chemistry topic 7 organic chemistry > Flashcards

chemistry topic 7 organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon?

A

any compound that is formed from carbon and hydrogen atoms only

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2
Q

what is the general alkane formula?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

what are the first four alkanes ?

A

methane ethane propane butane

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4
Q

what does it mean when the hydrocarbons are shorter regarding their viscosity?

A

their less viscous

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5
Q

the shorter a hydrocarbon chain the more volatile it is what does this mean?

A

it turns into a gas at a lower temperature (lower its boiling point)

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6
Q

the shorter a hydrocarbon is the easier it is to set fire to it? what is the word for this?

A

flammable

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7
Q

what is the equation for the complete combustion of any hydrocarbon with oxygen?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

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8
Q

what happens to the carbon and hydrogen from the hydrocarbon in combustion?

A

they are oxidised ( gain oxygen)

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9
Q

what are hydrocarbons used as?

A

fuels

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10
Q

why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

A

due to the amount of energy released when they combust completely

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11
Q

what is used to separate crude oil?

A

fractional distillation

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12
Q

what is crude oil?

A

a fossil fuel formed by the remains of plants and animals , mainly plankton

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13
Q

where is crude oil found and drilled up from?

A

rocks

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14
Q

what is fractional distillation used to do?

A

separate hydrocarbon fractions

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15
Q

what is crude oil a mixture of?

A

loads of different hydrocarbons

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16
Q

what happens first in fractional distillation?

A

the oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas

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17
Q

in fractional distillation where do the new gases go?

A

into the fractionating column

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18
Q

in fractional distillation, what do the longer hydrocarbons have?

A

high boiling points

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19
Q

in fractional distillation, where do the long hydrocarbons condense back into liquids in drain out of the column?

A

they drain out of the column early on , when they’re near the bottom

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20
Q

in fractional distillation, what do the shorter hydrocarbons have ?

A

lower boiling points

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21
Q

in fractional distillation, where do the shorter hydrocarbons condense and drain out?

A

much later on, near the top of the column where its cooler as they don’t have boiling points as high

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22
Q

what is the end result of fractional distillation?

A

each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that all contain a similar amount of carbon atoms

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23
Q

what does oil provide the fuel for?

A

most modern transport

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24
Q

what industry uses hydrocarbons to make new compounds for use in things like polymers, solvents etc?

A

the petrochemical industry

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25
Q

what are two examples of families in the homologous series?

A

alkanes and alkenes

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26
Q

why are short hydrocarbon chains good for making fuels in high demand?

A

they are highly flammable

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27
Q

why are long chain hydrocarbon not useful for making fuels in high demand?

A

they form thick gloopy liquids like tar

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28
Q

as a result of long chain hydrocarbons being not useful what normally happens?

A

they are turned into smaller , more useful ones by a process called cracking

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29
Q

what is cracking?

A

a thermal decomposition reaction

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30
Q

what is cracking via thermal decomposition?

A

breaking down molecules by heating them

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31
Q

what happens first in cracking via thermal decomposition?

A

heat and turn the long chain hydrocarbons into gas

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32
Q

in thermal decomposition, what happens to the vapour(gas)?

A

the vapour can be passed over a catalyst

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33
Q

what happens when the gas passes over the catalyst?

A

the long chain molecules split apart on the surface on the specks of catalyst

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34
Q

what type of cracking is this when using a catalyst?

A

catalyst cracking

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35
Q

what is steam cracking?

A

when you vaporise the hydrocarbons, mix them with steam and heat to a very high temperature

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36
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

they have a double carbon-carbon bond

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37
Q

what are the first four alkenes?

A

ethane, propene, butane and pentene

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38
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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39
Q

in alkenes how many double bonds does there have to be?

A

1

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40
Q

when you burn alkenes in air instead of oxygen what happens?

A

incomplete combustion

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41
Q

what is incomplete combustion?

A

as well as carbon dioxide and water produced from combustion you can also get carbon and carbon monoxide

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42
Q

what does incomplete combustion result in?

A

a smoky yellow flame and less energy being released compared to complete combustion of the same compound

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43
Q

the equation for incomplete combustion always has to be what?

A

balanced

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44
Q

what happens when orange bromine water is added to a saturated compound?

A

no reaction will happen and it will stay bright orange

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45
Q

what are plastics made up of?

A

long-chain molecules called polymers

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46
Q

what are polymers normally based on?

A

carbon based

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47
Q

what are most monomers made up of?

A

alkenes

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48
Q

what do the monomers that make up addition polymers have?

A

a double covalent bond

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49
Q

what is addition polymerisation?

A

lots of unsaturated alkenes can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

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50
Q

what is the formula of ethene?

A

C2H4

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51
Q

what is the formula of propene?

A

C3H6

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52
Q

what is the formula of butene?

A

C4H8

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53
Q

what is the formula of pentene?

A

C5H10

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54
Q

in a large amount of oxygen what do alkenes do?

A

combust completely

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55
Q

when alkenes are burned in air what tends to happen?

A

incomplete combustion

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56
Q

what is produced from complete combustion of alkenes?

A

only water and carbon dioxide

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57
Q

what is produced from incomplete combustion of alkenes?

A

carbon dioxide water carbon monoxide and carbon

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58
Q

what is the standard equation for the incomplete combustion of alkenes?

A

alkene + oxygen = carbon+ carbon monoxide+ carbon dioxide+ water

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59
Q

what does incomplete combustion result in ?

A

a smoky yellow flame, and less energy being released in comparison to complete combustion of the same compound

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60
Q

what do the products of incomplete combustion depend on?

A

how much oxygen is present

61
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms in a molecule that determines how that molecule typically reacts

62
Q

what functional group do all alkenes have?

A

double carbon CC bond

63
Q

most of the time how do alkenes react?

A

via addition reactions

64
Q

what happens in an addition reaction?

A

the carbon carbon double bond will open up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon

65
Q

what is addition of hydrogen knows as?

A

hydrogenation

66
Q

how does hydrogen react with alkenes?

A

the hydrogen opens up the double bond to form the equivalent, saturated, alkane

67
Q

in hydrogenation when does the alkene react?

A

in the presence of a catalyst

68
Q

how do halogens react with alkenes?

A

the molecules formed re saturated, with the CC carbons each becoming bonded to a halogen atom

69
Q

how do bromine and ethene react together?

A

to form dibromoethane

70
Q

what can be used to test for alkenes?

A

the addition of bromine to a double bond

71
Q

how do you use bromine to test for alkenes?

A

the bromine will add across the double bond, making a colourless dibromo-compound

72
Q

what happens when bromine is added to a saturated compound?

A

no reaction will happen and it will stay bright orange

73
Q

when alkenes react with steam what happens?

A

water is added across the double bond and an alcohol is formed

74
Q

how is ethanol made?

A

mixing ethene with steam and passing it over a catalyst

75
Q

how is ethanol made industrially?

A

after the reaction, the reaction mixture is passed into a condenser. Ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene so both condense whilst any unreacted ethene is recycled back into the reactor. The alcohol is then purified in fractional distillation

76
Q

what are polymers?

A

long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together

77
Q

what do polymers usually make up?

A

carbon based plastics

78
Q

what are monomers usually in alkenes?

A

alkenes

79
Q

what are the monomers that make up additional polymers made of?

A

double covalent bond

80
Q

what is addition polymerisation?

A

when unsaturated molecules open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

81
Q

when monomers react in addition polymerisation what is the only product?

A

the polymer, so an addition polymer contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the monomers that formed it

82
Q

how do you draw the displayed formula of an addition polymer from the displayed formula of its monomer?

A

draw the two alkene carbons, replace the double bond with a single bond and add an extra single bond to each carbon. fill in surrounding group the same and add brackets with repeating units n at bottom right

83
Q

how do you get the displayed formula of the polymer to the displayed formula of the monomer?

A

draw out the repeating bit of the polymer, get rid of the two bonds going out through the brackets and add a double bond to the carbons

84
Q

what is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

85
Q

what is an alcohol with 2 carbons?

A

C2H5OH

86
Q

all alcohols contain what group?

A

OH group

87
Q

how do you draw alcohols?

A

draw your C with H bonds and an OH bond

88
Q

what are the four first alcohols?

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol

89
Q

what property do alcohols have?

A

they are very flammable

90
Q

what kind of combustion do alcohols undergo In air?

A

complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water

91
Q

what relationship does methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol have with water?

A

they are soluble

92
Q

what ph does methanol, ethanol, butanol and propanol have in their solutions?

A

neutral

93
Q

what do the first four alcohols react with and what product does the reaction produce?

A

sodium and the product is hydrogen

94
Q

what do alcohols produce when they are oxidised?

A

a carboxylic acid

95
Q

different alcohols form different carboxylic acids. what do methanol and ethanol form?

A

methanoic acid and ethanoic acid

96
Q

why are alcohols such as methanol and ethanol used as solvents in industry?

A

they can dissolve most things water can dissolve but also what water cant dissolve (hydrocarbons oils and fats)

97
Q

the first four alcohols are used as fuels. what are some examples of this?

A

ethanol is used in spirit burners as it burns cleanly and non smelly

98
Q

how is ethanol usually made?

A

via fermentation

99
Q

what does fermentation use?

A

an enzyme in yeast to convert sugars to ethanol. carbon dioxide is produced

100
Q

what is the equation for fermentation?

A

sugar with arrow plus yeast= ethanol + co2

101
Q

in what conditions does fermentation happen fastest?

A

temps of around 37 degrees in a slightly acidic solution under anaerobic conditions (no oxygen)

102
Q

why does it work best under these conditions?

A

under these conditions the enzyme in yeast works best and if the conditions were different the enzyme could work slower or denature

103
Q

what functional group are carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

104
Q

what names do carboxylic acids end in?

A

anoic acid

105
Q

what is the formula for methanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

106
Q

what is the formula for ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

107
Q

what is the formula for propanoic acid?

A

C2H5COOH

108
Q

what is the formula for butanoic acid?

A

C3H7COOH

109
Q

how do carboxylic acids react?

A

like other acids, with carbonates to produce salt, water and co2

110
Q

what names do the salts form with carboxylic acids?

A

ending in anoate

111
Q

what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

they ionise and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution

112
Q

what does it mean when carboxylic acids don’t ionise completely?

A

they just form weak acidic solutions meaning they have a higher PH than aqeous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration

113
Q

what can be made from carboxylic acids?

A

esters

114
Q

what functional group do esters have?

A

COO

115
Q

what are esters formed from?

A

an alcohol and carboxylic acid

116
Q

what sort of catalyst is usually added to make an ester?

A

acid catalyst

117
Q

what is the equation for making an ester?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid = plus catalyst ester +water

118
Q

what can be made from ethanoic acid and ethanol with a catalyst?

A

Ethyl ethanoate

119
Q

what does condensation polymerisation involve?

A

monomers which contain different functional groups

120
Q

what happens to the monomers in condensation polymerisation?

A

the monomers react together and bonds form between them, making polymer chains

121
Q

for each new bond formed in condensation polymerisation what happens?

A

a small molecule (for example, water) Is lost. this is why its called condensation polymerisation

122
Q

what is the simplest type of condensation polymers?

A

contains two different types of monomer, each with two of the same functional groups

123
Q

how can a polyester be made by condensation polymer?

A

a diol (ethane diol)+ a dicarboxylic acid (hexanedioic acid) gives a polyester + water

124
Q

how many numbers of types of monomers are there in addition polymerisation?

A

only one type of monomer containing a double carbon bond

125
Q

how many number of products is there from addition polymerisation?

A

only one product fromed

126
Q

how many functional groups are involved in polymerisation?

A

carbon carbon double bond in monomer

127
Q

how many number of types of monomers are there in condensation polymerisation?

A

two monomer types each containing two of the same functional groups or one monomer type with two different functional groups

128
Q

how many number of products are made from condensation polymerisation?

A

two types of product- the polymer and a small molecule (e.g. water)

129
Q

how many functional groups are involved In condensation polymerisation?

A

two reactive groups on each monomer

130
Q

where are polymers found apart from the lab?

A

the natural world

131
Q

what two functional groups does an amino acid contain?

A

a basic amino acid group(NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group(COOH)

132
Q

what is an example of an amino acid?

A

glycine- the smallest and simplest amino acid possible

133
Q

what polymers can amino acids form?

A

polypeptides via condensation polymerisation

134
Q

how can amino acids form a polymer chain?

A

the amino group of an amino acid can react with the acid group of another, and so on, to form a polymer chain

135
Q

for every new bond formed in amino acids what is lost?

A

water

136
Q

what are proteins known as?

A

one or more long chains of polypeptides

137
Q

what important uses to proteins have in the body?

A

enzymes work as catalysts, haemoglobin transports oxygen, antibodies from part of the immune system and the majority of body tissue is made from proteins

138
Q

polypeptides and proteins can contain what?

A

different amino acids in their polymer chains

139
Q

where is DNA found?

A

in every living thing and many viruses

140
Q

what does DNA contain?

A

genetic instructions that allow the organism to develop and operate

141
Q

what is the structure of DNA like?

A

a large molecule that takes a double helix structure

142
Q

what is DNA made of?

A

two polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides

143
Q

what does each nucleotide contain?

A

a small molecule known as a base. there are four different bases known as ACGT

144
Q

what do the bases on each polymer chain do with each other?

A

pair up and form cross links keeping the two strands of nucleotides together and giving the double helix structure

145
Q

what does the order of bases act as?

A

a code for an organisms genes

146
Q

what are sugars?

A

small molecules that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

147
Q

what do sugars react together through polymerisation to form?

A

large polymers eg starch and cellulose

148
Q

what gives proteins different properties and shapes?

A

the order of amino acids

year 10 mock exam revision (26 decks)

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