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year 10 mock exam revision > biology topic 1 - cell biology > Flashcards

biology topic 1 - cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

all living things are made of what?

A

cells

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2
Q

cells can be either what or what?

A

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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3
Q

what are eukaryote cells?

A

they are complex and include all animal and plant cells

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4
Q

what are prokaryote cells?

A

they are smaller and simpler than eukaryotes

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5
Q

eukaryotic organisms are made up of what?

A

eukaryote cells

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6
Q

prokaryote is what?

A

a prokaryotic cell

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7
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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8
Q

what does mitochondria do?

A

where most reactions for aerobic respiration happen

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9
Q

what does cytoplasm do?

A

its a gel like substance where most chemical reactions take place. it contains enzymes

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10
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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11
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

where proteins are made in the cell

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12
Q

what does a cell wall do?

A

it supports and strengthens the cell

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13
Q

whats the cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

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14
Q

what do chloroplasts do?

A

its where photosynthesis happens and where food is made for the plant

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15
Q

what do chloroplasts contain?

A

chlorophyll

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16
Q

what does chlorophyll absorb?

A

light needed for photsynthesis

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17
Q

what does the vacuole contain?

A

cell sap

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18
Q

if asked to work out the area of a subcellular structure what do you do?

A

work out the area of the shape its close to (rectangle)

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19
Q

what is bacteria?

A

prokaryote

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20
Q

what do bacterial cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm

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21
Q

in a bacterial cell, what are the single rings of DNA called?

A

plasmids

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22
Q

what don’t bacterial cells have?

A

chloroplasts or mitochondria

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23
Q

does the cell wall go on the outside or the inside of the cell membrane?

A

outside

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24
Q

what do microscopes let us see?

A

things we cant see with the naked eye

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25
Q

what do light microscopes use?

A

light and lenses

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26
Q

what do light microscopes let us see?

A

individual cells or large subcellular structures, like nuclei

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27
Q

what do electron microscopes use?

A

electrons

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28
Q

what do electron microscopes do better than light microscopes?

A

magnify an object and higher resolution

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29
Q

what can we see with electron microscopes ?

A

let us see smaller things in more detail( internal structures)

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30
Q

how do you calculate magnification?

A

image size/real size

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31
Q

how do you get from micrometres to mm?

A

divide by 1000

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32
Q

what do you do when calculating magnification if the number is very big or small?

A

put it in standard form

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33
Q

what is a slide?

A

a strip of clear glass

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34
Q

how do you prepare a slide?

A

put a drop of water on it

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35
Q

how do you prepare your onion to go onto the slide?

A

use tweezers to peel of the epidermal tissue from the onion skin

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36
Q

what do you add to the onion and water?

A

iodine so you can see the cell

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37
Q

what do you place on all water, onion skin, iodine?

A

a cover slip

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38
Q

whats the piece on a microscope you look into?

A

eyepiece

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39
Q

where do you put your slide on the microscope?

A

the stage

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40
Q

where is the light on a light microscope?

A

beneath the stage

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41
Q

what should your drawing be like of your magnified onion slide?

A

should take up at least half the space, no broken lines and should be drawn in proportion

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42
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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43
Q

cells that go through differentiation for mature animals are normally for what?

A

repairing or replacing cells

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44
Q

what is the function of a sperm?

A

to get the male DNA to the female DNA

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45
Q

how is it adapted to its function?

A

it has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg

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46
Q

what do sperm cells have a lot of?

A

mitochondria to give it the energy needed

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47
Q

what do sperm carry in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane?

A

enzymes

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48
Q

what is the function of a nerve cell?

A

to carry electrical impulses

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49
Q

how are nerve cells adapted to their function?

A

they are long with branched connection at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network

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50
Q

what is the function of a muscle cell?

A

to contract quickly

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51
Q

how are muscle cells adapted to their function?

A

they are long and contain lots of mitochondria for contraction

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52
Q

what do root hair cells do?

A

absorb water and minerals

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53
Q

where do root hair cells grow?

A

on the surface of the plant roots

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54
Q

what does it give the plant with lots of root hair cells?

A

a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

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55
Q

what are phloem and xylem cells specialised for?

A

transporting substances

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56
Q

what do phloem and xylem cells form?

A

phloem and xylem tubes which transport food and water around the plant

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57
Q

how are phloem and xylem tubes formed?

A

they are long and are joined end to end

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58
Q

what are the centre of xylem cells like?

A

hollow

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59
Q

what are the centre of phloem cells like?

A

very few subcellular structures so that stuff can flow through them

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60
Q

what are undifferentiated cells called?

A

stem cells

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61
Q

depending on what instructions they’re given what can stem cells do?

A

they can differentiate into different types of cells

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62
Q

where are stem cells found in humans?

A

human embryos

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63
Q

why do stem cells excite scientists and doctors?

A

because they have the potential to turn into any cell at all

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64
Q

where are stem cells found in adults?

A

bone marrow

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65
Q

unlike embryonic stem cells what can adult stem cells only do?

A

turn into certain cell types, like blood

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66
Q

what can stem cells be used to grow in a lab?

A

clones

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67
Q

what does lots of medicine use to cure disease?

A

adult stem cells

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68
Q

what can stem cells from a healthy person do if transferred to a patient?

A

replace faulty blood cells

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69
Q

what can embryonic stem cells be used for?

A

to replace faulty cells in sick people

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70
Q

fro people with diabetes what could embryonic stem cells make?

A

insulin-producing cells

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71
Q

what can embryonic stem cells produce for a paralysed or spinal injury patient?

A

nerve cells

72
Q

what can therapeutic cloning be used for?

A

to make stem cells with the same genetic makeup as the patient therefore the patients body wouldn’t reject the cells

73
Q

what are the risks of using stem cells in medicine?

A

stem cells grown in the lab may become contaminated with a virus which could make the patient sicker

74
Q

why are some people against stem cell research?

A

because they believe that human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments as they are a potential human life

75
Q

stem cell research is very controversial to the point where it is banned in some countries how is it allowed in the UK?

A

as long as it follows strict guidelines

76
Q

where are stem cells found in plants?

A

the meristems

77
Q

what can meristem stem cells produce?

A

clones of a whole plant quickly and cheaply

78
Q

what can meristem cells also be used for ?

A

grow plants of rare species

79
Q

what can meristem cells be used for regarding desired characteristics ?

A

they can grow crops of identical plants but with desired features eg disease resistant

80
Q

what do cells in our body contain our genetic material in the form of ?

A

chromosomes

81
Q

what do chromosomes contain?

A

genes that control the development of different characteristics

82
Q

what do body cells normally have?

A

two copies of each chromosome - one from the father and one from the mother

83
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are their in a human cell?

A

23

84
Q

when body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells whats it part of ?

A

the cell cycle

85
Q

the stage of the cell cycle where the cell divides is called what?

A

mitosis

86
Q

what do multicellular organisms use mitosis for?

A

to grow or replace cells that have been damaged

87
Q

what does the end of the cell cycle result in?

A

in two new identical daughter cells

88
Q

in a cell that’s not dividing how is the DNA spread out?

A

in long strings

89
Q

before a cell divides it has to grown and increase the mount of what?

A

subcellular structures

90
Q

what happens in cell division after the subcellular structures duplicate?

A

the DNA duplicates ands forms X shaped chromosomes with identical arms

91
Q

what happens in mitosis?

A

the chromosomes line up In the middle of the cell then cell fibres split them up. they move to the opposite ends and membranes form around the new chromosomes

92
Q

what divides last in mitosis?

A

the cytoplasm and cell membrane

93
Q

what is the product of mitosis?

A

two daughter cells with identical DNA to the parent cells

94
Q

how do prokaryotes divide ?

A

binary fission

95
Q

what happens in binary fission?

A

the circular DNA and plasmids replicate, the cell gets bigger and the DNA strands move to the opposite poles of the cell

96
Q

what divides last in binary fission?

A

the cytoplasm divides and new cell walls form

97
Q

what happens in binary fission after the cytoplasm divides?

A

two daughter cells are created

98
Q

what are the daughter cells like in binary fission?

A

each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA but can have a varied number of plasmids

99
Q

how often can bacteria replicate in the right conditions?

A

every 20 minutes

100
Q

what happens to bacteria when they are In unfavourable conditions?

A

they stop dividing and die

101
Q

how do you calculate the number of bacteria in a population?

A

total time bacteria is producing cells/ mean division time = number of divisions. then 2 to the power of number of divisions

102
Q

what are bacteria grown on?

A

a culture medium

103
Q

give an example of a culture medium?

A

agar jelly

104
Q

how do you prepare an agar plate?

A

pour hot agar jelly into a petri dish and let the jelly cool/set

105
Q

what is used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium?

A

inoculating loop

106
Q

what temperature shall cultures of microorganisms be kept at in school?

A

25 degrees

107
Q

the temperature cultures of microorganisms are kept at in school is specific why?

A

if they are kept at over 25 degrees there is potential for pathogens to grow

108
Q

in industrial conditions they are kept at a lot higher temperatures why?

A

so the culture will grow a lot faster

109
Q

why does everything need to be sterilised when growing bacteria?

A

contamination of unwanted microorganisms will affect your results

110
Q

what two things must be sterile before use?

A

the Petri dish and culture medium

111
Q

how is the inoculating loop sterilised?

A

its passed over a burning flame

112
Q

how is the lid of the petri dish put on after transferring the bacteria and why?

A

its lightly taped on to stop air microorganisms getting in

113
Q

why are the petri dishes stored upside down?

A

to stop condensation falling onto the agar surface

114
Q

when testing if antibiotics affect bacteria growth how do you do it?

A

place paper discs that are soaked in the antibiotic evenly spaced out and leaving space between them

115
Q

what will the antibiotic do with the agar jelly?

A

diffuse ( soak into it)

116
Q

what happens to antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

it will continue to grow on the agar around the paper discs

117
Q

what happens to antibiotic non resistant bacteria?

A

it will die

118
Q

what’s the clear area around the disc where the bacteria has died called?

A

the inhibition zone

119
Q

what control variable is used and has to be used in this experiment?

A

a paper disc soaked in sterile water

120
Q

why do you need a control disc?

A

to see the difference of what the antibiotic does

121
Q

how long do you leave the plate with the antibiotic on for?

A

48 hours

122
Q

the more effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria, the larger the what?

A

inhibition zone

123
Q

how do you compare sizes of inhibition zones?

A

calculate the area of the inhibition zones

124
Q

how do you find the area of the colony?

A

measure the diameter of the colony you want to find first

125
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

126
Q

what does diffusion happen in?

A

solutions and gases

127
Q

what is a concentration gradient ?

A

the difference in concentration

128
Q

the bigger the concentration gradient the what?

A

the faster the diffusion rate

129
Q

how does a higher temperature give a faster diffusion rate?

A

the particles have more energy therefore they move around faster

130
Q

only what can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

only very small molecules

131
Q

what small molecules can diffuse through cell membranes?

A

oxygen, amino acids, glucose and water

132
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

133
Q

what is a partially permeable membrane?

A

a membrane with very small holes in it so that only small molecules can pass through it

134
Q

because there is more water molecules one side there is what?

A

a steady net flow of water into the region with fewer water molecules

135
Q

how can you test osmosis?

A

cut identical cylinders of potato and put them in water and sugar solutions of high concentration

136
Q

what do you measure first before putting the cylinders in the solution?

A

the mass of the potato cylinders

137
Q

how long do you leave the potato in the solution?

A

for 24 hours or so

138
Q

when you take the potato out what do you do?

A

dry the potato gently and measure the mass again

139
Q

if water has been drawn in by osmosis, what will happen?

A

the mass will increase

140
Q

if water has been drawn out by osmosis what will happen?

A

the mass will decrease

141
Q

what is the dependant variable of this experiment?

A

chip mass

142
Q

what is the independent variable of this experiment?

A

concentration of sugar solution

143
Q

what happens in active transport?

A

when substances are absorbed from a lower to higher concentration ( goes against the concentration gradient)

144
Q

how do root hairs take in minerals?

A

via active transport

145
Q

what does active transport allow the plant to do?

A

absorb minerals from a dilute solution against the concentration gradient

146
Q

what does active transport need that diffusion and osmosis dosent ?

A

needs energy from respiration

147
Q

where does active transport happen in human?

A

taking glucose from the gut

148
Q

what is active transport used in the gut for?

A

when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than there is blood

149
Q

what normally happens in the gut and why?

A

diffusion as when theres a higher concentration of nutrients they naturally diffuse into the blood

150
Q

therefore what does active transport allow ?

A

nutrients to be taken into the blood despite the fact that the concentration gradient is the wrong way

151
Q

how easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with its environment depends on what ?

A

the organisms surface area to volume ratio

152
Q

the larger the organism the what?

A

the smaller its surface area to volume ratio

153
Q

how do you work out surface area to volume ratio?

A

work out the surface are of the object and then its volume

154
Q

what does it tell us if the surface area to volume ratio of a mouse is 6:1?

A

it has a surface area 6 times its volume

155
Q

why do dingle celled organisms only need direct diffusion?

A

because they have a large surface area compared to volume therefore its easy to exchange substances across the membrane

156
Q

why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces?

A

because they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume - not enough substances can diffuse from the outside to supply their entire volume

157
Q

how are exchange surfaces adapted regarding membranes?

A

they have a thin membrane, so there is a short diffusion distance

158
Q

how are exchange surfaces adapted regarding surface area?

A

they have a large surface area so lots of substances can diffuse at once

159
Q

how are exchange surfaces adapted regarding blood?

A

exchange surfaces in animals have lots of blood vessels to get stuff in and out of the blood quickly

160
Q

how are exchange surfaces adapted regarding gas?

A

they are well ventilated so air can easily diffuse out

161
Q

how does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

it diffuses oxygen into the blood and diffuses out the waste carbon dioxide

162
Q

where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

alveoli

163
Q

how are alveoli adapted to gas exchange?

A

they have a large surface area, a moist lining, very thin walls and a good blood supply

164
Q

in the small intestine what provides a really large surface area?

A

little projections called villi

165
Q

why does the small intestine need a large surface area?

A

so that food is absorbed much more quickly into the blood

166
Q

how is a leaf adapted to exchange surface regarding the underneath of the leaf?

A

it has little holes called stomata where the co2 diffuses in through

167
Q

how is a leaf adapted to exchange surface regarding oxygen and water vapour?

A

they diffuse out through the stomata

168
Q

how is a leaf adapted to exchange surface regarding the flattened shape of the leaf?

A

it increases the surface area of the exchange surface area

169
Q

how is a leaf adapted to exchange surface regarding the air spaces in the leaf?

A

this also increases the surface area

170
Q

what do gills have to be good at gas exchange?

A

a large surface area

171
Q

what enters the gills via diffusion?

A

water containing oxygen which then diffuses from the water and oxygen foes into thr blood

172
Q

what gives the gills a large surface area ?

A

thin plates called gill filaments

173
Q

what do gill filaments have on them that increases the surface area even more?

A

lamellae (little tiny structures)

174
Q

what does the lamellae have to speed up diffusion?

A

lots of blood capillaries

175
Q

what maintains a large concentration gradient between the water and the blood ?

A

blood flows through the lamellae in one direction and water flows through the opposite direction

176
Q

how does lots of diffusion happen from thw water into the blood?

A

because theres lots of oxygen in the water compared to the blood

year 10 mock exam revision (26 decks)

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