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Host And Defense - Exam 3 > Exam 3 - Smith - Antivirals > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Smith - Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

T/F - Viral genetic material can either be DNA-encoded or RNA-encoded.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins expressed not he surfaces of viruses that are recognized by host’s immune system

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3
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Antigens on newly formed viruses may evolve one or more mutations that prevent a host’s immune systems from recognizing the virus

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4
Q

What are antigenic shifts?

A

Significant and/or frequent enough, resistance develops which may lead to larger scale viral epidemics

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5
Q

These drugs inhibit what?

Acyclovir
Valaclovir
Famcyclovir
Penicyclovir
Ganciclovir
Foscarnet
A

DNA POLYMERASE

*Used on DNA-encoded viruses

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6
Q

What drug inhibits viral uncoating M2 protein?

A

Amantadine

*RNA-encoded viruses

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7
Q

What drug inhibits viral RNA polymerase to prevent translation into mRNA?

A

Ribavarin

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8
Q

What drugs are neuroaminidase inhibitors?

A

Zanamivir (Relenza)

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

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9
Q

Tell me the main 3 types of the Herpes Simplex Virus?

A

1 - Oral herpes
—Trigeminal ganglia
—Fever blisters/cold sores

2 - Genital herpes
—Sacral ganglia
—Genitals, inner thighs, buttocks

3 - Varicella-Zoster

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10
Q

T/F - HSV may spread to the genitalia from the mouth and vice-versa.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

T/F - 2/3rds of population are HSV-1 positive.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

T/F - Over 400 million people worldwide are HSV-2 positive.

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Tell me the 8 types of HHV (HSV).

A

1 - Oral

2 - Genital

3 - VSV (chicken pox and shingles)

——————————————————

4 - EBV

5 - CMV

6 - Roseola

7 - Associated with HHV-6

8 - Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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14
Q

T/F - 1/3 of people will develop shingles at some point in their life.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

T/F - VZV’s primary infection is chickenpox, and VZV’s reactivation/recurrent infection is shingles.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

For how long is chicken pox contagious?

A

1-2 days pre-rash until all lesions are gone (about 7-10 days total)

17
Q

When does shingles typically present itself?

A

Later in life

OR

During immunocompromised situations

18
Q

What factors can cause a latent infection to become active again?

A

Stress

Fatigue

Sun exposure

Surgery

Fever

Menstrual periods

Immunocompromised

19
Q

Difference b/t canker sore and cold sore.

A

Canker

  • Cause unknown
  • Inside mouth and on gingiva
  • White, yellow, gray center, bright read border
  • Single or in groups
  • NOT CONTAGIOUS
Cold Sore
-HSV
-On or around lips, OUTSIDE of mouth
-Red, fluid-filled, typically in groups
-CONTAGIOUS
—Avoid skin-to-skin contact with an active cold sore blister
20
Q

T/F - Pts must ALWAYS hydrate well while on any -cyclovir drug to avoid crystalline nephropathy.

A

TRUE

21
Q

Acyclovir is mostly prescribed for what?

A

HSV-1, and HSV-2

-Oral, IV, or topical

22
Q

Tell me about valacyclovir.

A

Metabolized to acyclovir which equals 5x greater than oral acyclovir
-Oral

23
Q

What drug is used for VZV?

A

Famcyclovir

24
Q

Tell me about famcyclovir.

A

Metabolized pencyclovir which equals higher intracellular concentrations that oral acyclovir
-Oral only

25
Q

Efficacy for VZV?

A

Famcyclovir>/= valacyclovir»>acyclovir

26
Q

T/F - Penicyclovir is only used topically for either oral or genital HSV-1/HSV-2.

A

TRUE

27
Q

T/F - All -cyclovir drugs share cross-resistance.

A

TRUE

*If resistant to one, you will be resistant to all

**All are renally cleared, so drink plenty of water

28
Q

Which antiviral is IV only?

A

Gancyclovir

  • Contraindicated in pregnancy (teratogenic, mutagenic)
  • Contraindicated in men who wish to stay fertile
  • Used to avoid cytomegalovirus
29
Q

Tell me about Foscarnet.

A

IV only

SAFER than gancyclovir

Useful in acyclovir or gancyclovir-resistant HSV or CMV infections

30
Q

How does Foscarnet work?

A
  • Selectively inhibits VIRAL DNA POLYMERASE ENZYMES (NOT KINASES)*
  • Nephrotoxic, so be careful
31
Q

T/F - Viral kinases can mutate leading to resistance to cyclovir drugs.

A

TRUE

32
Q

How does Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) work?

A

Neuroaminidase inhibitor
-Prevents cleavage of cell receptor keeping virus particle bound to host

-Can be used for prophylaxis or tx of influenza A and B viruses

33
Q

T/F - Tamiflu prevent release of viral progeny from host cells, this stops viral spread, and allows the body to due its work.

A

TRUE

34
Q

T/F - Tamiflu is active against both Influenza A and B.

A

TRUE

35
Q

T/F - When a 5 day course of Tamiflu is initiated w/in 48 hours from onset of flu-symptoms, the duration of flu symptoms are decreased by up to 1-2 days.

A

TRUE

*Avoid alcohol

36
Q

What other drug is like Tamiflu?

A

Relenza

37
Q

How is Relenza different from Tamiflu?

A

Relenza can be inhaled or nose dropped

*Relenza is contraindicated for asthma, COPD, or allergies to MILK

38
Q

What is Amantadine?

A

Anti-Parkinson’s drug that is also used as an antiviral for influenza A, a long time ago
-Used in 3rd world countries often b/c of affordability

39
Q

T/F - Influenza A is nearly 100% resistant to Amantadine.

A

TRUE

-Almost never used b/c it only works with a few pts

Host And Defense - Exam 3 (15 decks)

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