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ANAT > Lecture 10 - Alimentary 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Alimentary 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does small intestine extend

A

Pylorus to ileocaecal valve

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2
Q

What does the small intestine consist of (3)

A

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

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3
Q

What is the function of the small intestine

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

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4
Q

The entire duodenum is retroperitoneal true or false?

A

False

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5
Q

What section of the duodenum is not retroperitoneal?

A

The first 2-3 cms which are attached to the greater and lesser omenta

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6
Q

What is the shape of the duodenum? (2)

A

C-shaped with 4 parts that curve around the head of the pancreas

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7
Q

Where does the duodenum sit?

A

Above the level of the umbilicus

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8
Q

What are the permanent circular folds of the duodenum called?

A

Plicae

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9
Q

Where are the plicae most pronounced?

A

In the proximal duodenum

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10
Q

What do the plicae look like in contrast medium x-rays?

A

Feathery

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11
Q

What vein and duct are posterior to the duodenum?

A

Portal vein and bile duct

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12
Q

What organs are anterior to the superior duodenum (2)

A

Quadrate lobe of the liver and gallblader

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13
Q

What is the first part of the duodenum called in x-rays

A

Duodenal cap

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14
Q

Why is the duodenal cap shorter than it actually is in x-rays?

A

It has an oblique orientation

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15
Q

What is medial to the descending/second part of the duodenum

A

Head of the pancreas

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16
Q

Where do the bile duct and main pancreatic ducts empty into the duodenum?

A

The greater duodenal papilla

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17
Q

Where would the lesser duodenal papilla be anatomically if it existed for the accessory pancreatic duct

A

2 cm above the greater papilla

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18
Q

What is posterior to the descending duodenum?

A

Hilum of the right kidney

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19
Q

What is posterior to the horizontal/third part of the duodenum?

A

Upper right psoas

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20
Q

What vessels are anterior to the horizontal duodenum

A

superior mesenteric vessels

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21
Q

Where do the superior mesenteric vessels pass between

A

The uncinate process and the head of the pancreas

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22
Q

What is posterior to the ascending/fourth part of the duodenum?

A

Upper left psoas

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23
Q

Where is the duodenojejunal junction

A

The level of L2 just medial to the left kidney (easy to recognise by the appearance of a mesentery supporting the jejunum.

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24
Q

The duodenum is in general posterior to the transverse colon, true or false?

A

True

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25
Q

What fraction of the length of the small intestine are the jejunum and ileum

A

2/5 and 3/5

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26
Q

Where is the jejunum largely located?

A

Umbilical region

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27
Q

Where is the ileum mainly located?

A

Lower abdomen and pubic regions

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28
Q

Where is the first loop of jejunum usually coiled?

A

Between the left transverse colon and left kidney

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29
Q

Where does the jejenum and ileum extend?

A

From the duodenal flexure to the ileocaecal valve.

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30
Q

The transition from the ileum to the caecum is gradual true or false?

A

True

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31
Q

What is the mesentery attachment of the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall called?

A

The root of mesentery

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32
Q

Which direction does the root of mesentery run?

A

Upper left to lower right

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33
Q

What is the shape of root of mesentery?

A

Fan-shaped

34
Q

The internal transverse folds of the jejunum and ileum are temporary like the stomach folds, true or false?

A

False, they are not obliterated by distension

35
Q

What comprises the walls of the jejunum and ileum (4)

A

Mucosa with villi, thin muscularis mucosa, submucosa and thick external muscle

36
Q

Where do the vasa recta of the jejunum arise from?

A

Branches of the superior mesenteric artery

37
Q

The jejunum has longer mesentery vasa recta then the ileum with few anastamoses, true or false?

A

True

38
Q

The ileum has larger and longer folds than the jejunum, true or false?

A

False

39
Q

The jejunum is thinner and less vascular walled than the ileum, true or false?

A

False

40
Q

The mesentery of the ileum is less fatty than the jejunum true or false?

A

False

41
Q

The jejunum has small and few aggregated lymph follicles (Payer’s patches), true or false?

A

True

42
Q

The jejunum has longer villi true or false?

A

True

43
Q

What is the large intestine comprised of? (8)

A

Caecum, appendix; ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

44
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorption of water and ions

45
Q

What are the sacculation/haustra

A

Regular expanded areas of the colon interspersed with constrictions

46
Q

Where are the taenia not present

A

Appendix and rectum junction

47
Q

What are the taenia coli

A

3 thickenings of the longitudinal part of the external muscle

48
Q

What are three features of the large intestine?

A

Sacculation, taenia coli and epiploic/omental appendices

49
Q

Where are the epiploic appendices present

A

Transverse and sigmoid colon

50
Q

The appendix and rectum junction have epiploic appendices true or false?

A

False

51
Q

Where is the caecum located?

A

In the right iliac fossa

52
Q

The caecum is attached by mesentery true or false?

A

False

53
Q

What usually surrounded caecum?

A

Peritoneum

54
Q

When is the caecum not surrounded by the peritoneum?

A

Where it connects with the ileum and ascending colon

55
Q

What is the caecum?

A

A blind intestinal pouch suspended from the ascending colon

56
Q

What is behind the caecum?

A

The retrocaecal recess

57
Q

Where is the junction between the caecum and ascending colon?

A

At the level of the ileocaecal valve

58
Q

What likely facilitates the reflux of the bolus back into the ileum?

A

The tightening of frenulae rather than the contraction of the poorly developed muscle of the horizontal ileocaecal valve

59
Q

What is the anatomical description of the horizontal ileocaecal valve

A

Posteromedial

60
Q

What does the horizontal ileocaecal valve consist of?

A

two flaps called valves whose edges taper into horizontal elevations/frenulae

61
Q

What is the gastroileal reflex

A

When food in the stomach initiates contraction of the small intestine and thus expulsion of ileal contents into the caecum

62
Q

Where is the appendix often located? (3)

A

Retrocaecal recess or hanging down over the pelvic brim or close to the opening of the uterine tube in females

63
Q

What point does the appendix open into the caecum? (2)

A

McBurney’s point - junction of lateral and middle thirds of line joining umbilicus and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

64
Q

What is the appendix suspended on and what is this suspension attached to?

A

Mesoappendix, attached to the ileal mesentary

65
Q

The appendix has a ring of lymphatic nodules in the mucosa and submucosa true or false?

A

True

66
Q

Where does the ascending colon extend?

A

From the ileocaecal valve to the right colic flexure

67
Q

Where is the right colic flexure? (3)

A

Anterior to the right kidney and descending duodenum and behind the fundus of the gallbladder

68
Q

The ascending colon is always retroperitoneal true or false?

A

False, many up to 50% of individuals have ascending or even descending colon attached with little mesentery

69
Q

What suspends the transverse colon?

A

Transverse mesocolon

70
Q

Where is the transverse colon suspended between and how?

A

Colic flexures in an inverted arch

71
Q

What does the transverse mesocolon attach to? (2)

A

Greater omentum and pancreas

72
Q

Where is the anatomical position of the left colic flexure

A

anterior to the left kidney and below the spleen and pancreas

73
Q

What attaches the left colic flexure to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenicocolic ligament

74
Q

What is the function of the phrenicocolic ligament?

A

Provides support for the spleen

75
Q

What is the pathway of the phrenicocolic ligament?

A

It passes laterally under the spleen and is continuous with the splenocolic ligament

76
Q

Where does the descending colon span?

A

The left colic flexure to the pelvic inlet

77
Q

What is the pathway of the descending colon (3)

A

Down the abdominal wall
Turns medially into left iliac fossa
Crosses structures

78
Q

What structures does the descending colon cross (2)?

A

Testicular/ovarian vessels and external iliac vessels

79
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon extend?

A

From the pelvic brim to S3 (middle of sacrum)

80
Q

What shape does the sigmoid colon form?

A

A V-shape

81
Q

Where does the sigmoid colon reside?

A

In the intersigmoidal recess behind the sigmoid mesocolon

82
Q

What does the sigmoid colon overly? (2)

A

Left ureter and external iliac vessels.

ANAT (17 decks)

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