T2.A - Change In The Quest For Civil Rights Flashcards
How did the SNCC change?
1966 - Voted to expel all whites
May 1967 - replaced drollery Carmichael with Henry rap brown as chairperson
He supported milo rant tactics
25 July 1967 in a speech at Cambridge he called for blacks to take over white stores in black ghettos if necessary using violence
This led to a race riot he was injured
How did the CORE change?
1966 - chose Floyd Mckissick as chair person
He was attracted to a demand for black freedom across the world
E.G the apartheid in South Africa
July 1966 at an annual convention they endorsed the idea of black power
Became opponents of the Vietnam war
1967 the word multiracial was removed from the CORE constitution
1968 all whites removed
1968 replaced McKissick with Roy Innis who advocated a more radical approach
How was black power taken further?
Oct 1966 black panther party set up by Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver and Huey P. Newton
Advocated black nationalism
Wore a distinctive black uniform with black berets and Afro style haircut
They carried rifles and advocated self defence
They admired communist revolutions and demanded reparations for centuries of persecution by whites
Wanted blacks to be exempt from compulsory military service because of widespread belief that blacks were disproportionately being called up for service
When did black power come to international attention?
1968 olympics medal award ceremony for the 400m
Two black American athletes tommy smith and John Carlos made the black power salute
This protest meant they never represented the USA again and the US Olympic committee was opposed to athletes making political statements
What armed confrontations took place between the black panther party and the police?
1969- 28 members of the black panthers were killed by the police in shootouts
This included the Chicago black panther leader
Fred Hampton
100s were imprisoned
Why did the black panther party begin to decline in 1972?
Clamp down by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies
It’s association with violence alienated many black Americans
At its height it only had 5000 members
How did Malcolm x and the black panther transform the nature of Balkan American protests?
Offered an alternative to the non violent method of MLK
Spread black protest from the south to the whole country
What were the watts race riots 1965?
Young black American was arrested which trigged riots
Lasted for six days
Resulted in $40 million worth of damage
14,000 national guardsmen were mobilised
Death toll was 34
Over 1,000 injured
4,000 arrested
Caused by poor housing unemployment and inadequate schools
What was it like for black Americans by the 1960s?
70% lived in urban areas
Faced unemployment, racial discrimination and poor housing
Because of this a number of civil rights movements appeared
Who was Malcom X?
Born Malcolm Little took the surname X as he didn’t know his African name
family were supporters of the UNIA (universal negro improvement association)
Which campaign for black nationalism and an end to the European colonies in Africa and the West Indies.
Father was murdered by a white supremacist group called the black legion
His family home was also burned down
He was imprisoned for petty theft for seven years
Was introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI)
Who supported separate black communities
He was an excellent orator and gained nation attention with his radical views
How was Malcolm X different from Martin Luther King?
Radical message
He supported complete black desperation
He attacked king for not speaking about how the whites had treated the black badly
What was the Organisation of Afro American Unity (OAAU) ?
June 1964
Set up by Malcolm X
He wanted to unify all people of African descent and demanded social and economic independence for all blacks across the world
21 Feb 1965 murdered by a gunmen from the Nation of Islam
He didn’t achieve lots but had a large influence
