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Physiology (Year 2) > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What Is Adipose Tissue?

A

Adipocytes, which store triacylglycerol

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2
Q

What Are the three Main Mechanisms To Increase

Skeletal Muscle Fuel Utilisation?

A

1) Metabolic enzymes
(e. g. glycogen phosphorylase and lipases)

2) Increase cardiac output, muscle blood flow and ventilation to deliver O2 and blood-borne fuels
(e. g. glucose and fatty acids)

3) Mobilize glucose and fatty acids
(from liver and adipose tissue)

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3
Q

Three key Enzymes That Must Be Activated In Carbohydrate Metabolism?

A

Glycogen phos-phor-ylase for glycogenolysis

Pyruvate to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

(PFK) to increase glycolytic flux

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4
Q

Two key enzymes that must be activated in fat metabolism?

A

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

Hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

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5
Q

ATGL in human skeletal muscle fibres has a stronger signal in what muscle fibre?

A

Type I fibres

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6
Q

Effect of 2 hours cycling at 50% max on IMTG Stores in type I and II muscles?

A

IMTG stores deplete by >62% in type I fibres

Little use in type II fibres

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7
Q

What are the five major regulatory sites of fat metabolism?

A

•Adipose tissue lipolysis
(by ATGL and HSL)

•Blood flow to adipose tissue and delivery
(of plasma FFA to the skeletal muscle)

•Movement of plasma FFA
(across the sarcolemma of muscle fibres)

•Lipolysis of intramuscular triacylglycerols
(a.k.a. intramuscular triglycerides) by ATGL and HSL

•Movement of fatty acids
(across the mitochondrial membrane)

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8
Q

What happens to glycerol in the skeletal muscles?

A

It is not an important fuel source for the skeletal muscle, its release by the skeletal muscle (and adipose tissue) into the blood can be used as a marker of the rate of lipolysis

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9
Q

When are Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations highest?

A

After 30 min at 85% VO2max.

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10
Q

Glucose uptake is assumed to equal what? and increases with increasing exercise intensity?

A

Equal to glucose oxidation, then plasma glucose oxidation increases with increasing exercise intensity

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11
Q

What is the effect of a broad range of exercise intensities and training status on maximal fat oxidation rates?

A

Group mean maximal fat oxidation rates occur ~60 –65% VO2max

Does not mean everyone’s is

Considerable intra-and intervariabilityin maximal fat oxidation rates and the exercise intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation

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12
Q

At low exercise intensities what is the major fuel source?

A

Fat (plasma FFA)

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13
Q

At moderate exercise intensities what is the major fuel source?

A

Adipose tissue lipolysis is increased and a higher absolute amount of fat is oxidised but the % contribution declines as carbohydrate (glucose and glycogen) becomes an important fuel source.

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14
Q

At high exercise intensities what is the major fuel source?

A

Carbohydrates (glucose and glycogen) are the primary fuel source.

Reductions in adipose tissue lipolysis, FFA oxidation and the contribution of fat (plasma FFA and IMTG) to energy expenditure evident.

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15
Q

What is impaired at high exercise intensities?

A

Entry of free fatty acids into the mitochondria is impaired at high exercise intensities.

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16
Q

What Stimulates Lipolysis?

A

Ep-in-ep-frine and glucagon stimulate fatty acid release from triglycerides stored in adipocyte fat droplets

17
Q

Effect of 2 hours of cycling at 25%, 65% and 85% of Vo2max on epinephrine?

A

Increased plasma epinephrine concentration above rest by 37%

65% - Increase by 312%

85% -Increase by 960%

18
Q

Is lipolysis affected by exercise intensities?

A

At high intensities (85% Vo2max) FFA is reduced compared to lower intensities

Glycerol appears unchanged vs 65% vo2max

This may suggest lipolysis is not impaired in adipose tissue but not all FFA are escaping the tissue and entering the blood.

19
Q

When is whole body CHO oxidation at its lowest and highest?

A

Lowest at 25% Vo2max and highest at 85% Vo2max

20
Q

What is stored in lipid droplets?

A

IMTG’s

21
Q

Where does GLUT-4 move into and what is the importance the movement?

A

The movement of GLUT-4 into the plasma membrane must be stimulated to facilitate glucose uptake

22
Q

What are the fibre type colours?

A

Type I (red)

Type IIa (green)

Type IIX (dark green)

23
Q

What does DAG stand for?

A

Di-acyl-glycerol

24
Q

What does MAG stand for?

A

Mono-acyl-glycerol

25
Q

What does MGL stand for?

A

Monoacyl-glycerol lipase

26
Q

What does FFA stand for?

A

Free-Fatty-Acids

27
Q

What does IMTG stand for?

A

Intra-muscular tri-glyceride

28
Q

What does ATGL stand for?

A

Adipose Tri-glyceride Lipase

29
Q

What does HSL stand for?

A

Hormone Sensitive Lipase

30
Q

What must be stimulated to facilitate glucose uptake?

A

GLUT-4

31
Q

What are the lipases that are activated in lipolysis?

A

Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL)

Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL)

Physiology (Year 2) (6 decks)

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