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Physiology (Year 2) > Test 5 > Flashcards

Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hypertension?

A

The sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure

Increased level likely to induce cardiovascular damage or result in other adverse consequences

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2
Q

What are the five major contributors to Hypertension?

A
  1. Cerebrovascular disease
  2. Peripheral vascular disease
  3. Heart Failure
  4. Renal failure
  5. Myocardial infarction
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3
Q

What four things control or affect blood pressure?

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Total peripheral resistance
  3. Autonomic nervous system
  4. The renin-angiotensin system
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4
Q

Two likely causes of the aetiology of essential Hypertension?

A
  1. Increased reactivity of resistance vessels & resultant increase in peripheral resistance
  2. A sodium homeostatic effect
    (kidneys are unable to excrete appropriate amounts of sodium for any given BP - sodium and fluid are retained and the BP increases
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5
Q

Generic causes of the aetiology of essential Hypertension?

A 
Age
Genetic & Family History
Environment
Sodium intake
Alcohol Intake
Weight
Birth weight
Race
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6
Q

What is secondary Hypertension?

A

Hypertension with an identifiable cause where removal does not guarantee restoration

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7
Q

Six causes of secondary Hypertension?

A
  1. Renal disease
    (20% of resistive hypertensive patients)
  2. Drug induced
  3. Pregnancy
    (Pre-eclampsia)
  4. Endocrine
    (Conn’s syndrome/Cushings disease)
  5. Vascular
  6. Sleep apnoea
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8
Q

Four risks associated with Hypertension?

A
  1. Cardio-vascular diseases
  2. Cerebro-vascular diseases
  3. Peripheral-vascular diseases
  4. Renal failure
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9
Q

What benefits can chronic aerobic training have for Hypertension?

A

Can lead to 10 mmHg drop in Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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10
Q

What four benefits could exercise have on some body mechanisms?

A
  1. Decrease in plasma nor-ep-in-ep-rhine levels
  2. Increase in circulating vasodilator substances
  3. Improvement of hyperinsulinemia
  4. Alteration in renal function
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11
Q

What type, frequency and intensity of training should someone follow to prevent Hypertension?

A

Type - Dynamic aerobic exercise using large muscle groups

Frequency - 3-7 days per week

Intensity - 40-70% Vo2max

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12
Q

What is the initial treatment for Hypertension?

A

Initially focuses on lifestyle intervention (weight reduction)

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13
Q

What is optimal BP and hypertensive BP?

A

Optimal BP - 120/80

Hypertension - 140/90

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14
Q

Impacts of having a diastolic blood pressure of or above 99?

A

Increase chances by 4x of a stoke compared to a diastolic blood pressure of 84

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15
Q

Impact of having prolonged smooth muscle contraction?

A

Walls of the vessels get thicker which means they are not able to contract as much - Irreversible effect

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16
Q

What is the Renin-angiotensin system?

A

Helps to control blood pressure

Responsible for maintenance of sodium levels

17
Q

When is Renin excreted from the kidney?

A

As a response to a reduction in sodium and blood volume

18
Q

Other contributing factors to Hypertension?

A

Monozygotic (Identical) twins have higher BPs therefore have a higher risk.

Parents don’t directly influence through genetics more so through food, and exercise attitudes

19
Q

Sodium and hypertension

A

Increased sodium intake increases chance of stoke and hypertension.

Salt intake should be reduced to >1.5mg per day.

20
Q

Effect of Ethnicity on mean arterial blood pressure?

A

Caucasian have a lower BP then black in the same environment

Black people are more sensitive to dietary salt consumption which increases BP

21
Q

Birth weight

A

Smaller at birth are more likely to have a have a higher blood pressure in later life

More likely to get Diabetes

22
Q

When is Medication seen as a treatment option?

A

Most common medication is diuretic, beta blockers

When BP is high after interventions
Damage to organs
Presence of CVD factors

23
Q

Where is Renin Secreted from?

A

Renin is secreted from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney

24
Q

How can you tell if someone is in a prehypertensive state?

A

abnormal cardiovascular reactivity to environmental and behavioural challenges, such as mental arithmetic tasks, cold water immersion, and both isometric and dynamic physical stress
tests

25
Q

How was an exaggerated BP response to exercise determined?

A

A subject was considered to have an exaggerated BP response if his SBP or DBP was at or above the pressure on each of the 90th percentile
curves.

26
Q

Why is heart rate reserve (HRR) preferred over HR when monitoring exercise workload?

A

As its the difference between resting heart rate and maximum heart rate

Physiology (Year 2) (6 decks)

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