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A level Biology xoyzq > Cloning 6.2.1 > Flashcards

Cloning 6.2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 examples of natural cloning in plants

A

Rhizomes

  • grow horizontally underground away from parent
    eg. bamboo

Stolons/Runners

  • grow horizontally above ground away from parent plant
    eg. strawberries

Tubers
Bulbs

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2
Q

production of natural clones of plants for use in horticulture (vegetative propagation)

A
  • take cuttings
  • grafting (joining the shoot of one plant to the growing stem and root of another plant)
  • layering (bending the stem of a growing plant downwards so it enters the soil and grows a new plant
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3
Q

what is vegetative production?

A

production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues eg. roots, leaves, stems

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4
Q

what’s the difference between a stolon and a rhizome?

A

a stolon (runner) grows ABOVE ground horizontally and a rhizome grows BELOW ground horizontally

in both, new shoots can develop from nodes along the length or from the end of the stolon/rhizome

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5
Q

how to produce a clone from a cutting

simple cloning technique

A
  • take a cutting of parent plant
  • dip the end of the cutting in rooting powder, which contains hormones that induce root formation
  • plant cutting in pot containing suitable growth medium
  • warm & moist environ. (propagator)
  • replant it when roots form
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6
Q

how to artificially clone plants using tissue culture

detail of either medium; e.g. named nutrient or plant growth substance grows to plantlet; hardening medium/sterile soil;

A
  • take cutting from meristematic tissue (stem & roots)
  • sterilise to kill microorganisms
  • cells grown on nutrient medium to encourage division/mitosis (auxins, cytokines)
  • cells divide and form calluses
  • subdivided
  • put in different (nutrient) medium to encourage differentiation
  • when plantlets form, they are planted in soil
  • form genetically identical indiduals
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7
Q

what kind of plants is tissue culture used for?

A
  • rare or endangered
  • don’t readily reproduce
  • can be used to produce whole plants from genetically engineered plant cells
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8
Q

what is micropropagation?

A

when tissue culture is used to produce lots of cloned plants v quickly

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9
Q

arguments for use of artificial plant cloning

A
  • desirable characteristics always passed on to clones
  • any season
  • less space
  • quicker (than seeds)
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10
Q

artificial plant cloning =

A

simple cloning from cutting
tissue culture
micropropagation

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11
Q

arguments against use of artificial plant cloning

A
  • undesirable characteristics always passed on to clones
  • no genetic variation in pop. so vulnerable to same diseases
  • high cost (energy & skilled workers)
  • contamination by microorganisms can result in loss of all cultured plants
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12
Q

arguments against use of artificial plant cloning

A
  • undesirable characteristics always passed on to clones
  • no genetic variation in pop. so vulnerable to same diseases
  • high cost (energy & skilled workers)
  • contamination by microorganisms can result in loss of all cultured plants
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13
Q

example of natural clones in animals

A

monozygotic twins formed by embryo splitting

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14
Q

how artificial clones in animals can be produced by artificial embryo twinning

A
  • female superovulated and treated with hormone
  • oviduct/ovary is washed out
  • egg cell extracted from female and fertilised in petri dish
  • fertilised egg left to divide at least once, forming in vitro embryo
  • cells separated and each put in separate petri, dividing and developing to form an embryo
  • treat the surrogate mother with hormones before the embryo is implanted so that uterus lining thickens and phase of cycle is synchronised
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15
Q

how artificial clones in animals can be produced by enucleation and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A
  • nucleus extracted from somatic cell of sheep A
  • egg cell (oocyte) taken from sheep B enucleated
  • nucleus from sheep A inserted into the oocyte from B
  • electric shock stimulates them to fuse together and divide
  • embryo implanted into surrogate mother
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16
Q

uses of animal cloning

A
  • research on new drugs (medicine)
  • save endangered animals from extinction
  • agriculture - clone animals with desired characteristics
  • GMOs can be cloned eg. disease resistant plants
  • can clone embryonic stem cells (which can be used to treat diseases like heart disease & parkinsons and will not be rejected)
17
Q

arguments for use of artificial animal cloning

A
  • desirable characteristics always passed on to clones
  • infertile animals can be reproduced
  • save endangered species
  • any time (not j breeding season)
  • develop new treatments for diseases
18
Q

arguments against use of artificial animal cloning

A
  • undesirable characteristics always passed on to clones
  • no genetic variation in pop. so vulnerable to same diseases
  • clones don’t live as long as naturally produced animals
  • ethically controversial using embryonic cells
19
Q

what do auxins do in tissue culture (1)

A

auxins stimulate growth of, root / root hairs;

20
Q

what do cytokinins do in tissue culture (1)

A

cytokinins stimulate, shoot / stem, growth;

21
Q

how a supply of cow egg cells is obtained for animal cloning (3)

A

cow superovulated ;
treated with, hormone / FSH / named proprietary brand ;
washed out of oviduct (A uterus) / collected from ovary ;

22
Q

why it is necessary to treat the surrogate mother with hormones before the embryo is implanted (3)

A

for correct phase of cycle;
ref to synchronisation;
to prepare uterus for (implantation of) embryo;
ref to increased thickness of uterine lining;
ref to increased vascularisation of uterine lining;

23
Q

how can artificial animal cloning save an endangered mammal species (4)

A

increases rate of reproduction;
does not require species’ eggs;
so does not require fertile female;
does not require female for pregnancy / uses surrogate;
female not put at risk in, travel / mating / pregnancy;
successfully formed embryo can be, subdivided / cloned;
can use adult cells from all existing animals to maintain diversity;

24
Q

State three ways of setting up a gene bank for a mammal species (3)

A 
sperm bank; 
oocytes / eggs; 
embryos; 
tissue; 
zoo / reserve / game park;
25
Q

State three commercial uses of auxin. (3)

A

encourages the rooting process;
induce seedless fruit ;
increase fruit size ;
avoid need for pollination ;

26
Q

Name one technique for producing clones of trees, other than taking cuttings, or micropropagation (1)

A

grafting / budding / layering

A level Biology xoyzq (33 decks)

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