MEMORY - explanations for forgetting: retrieval failure Flashcards

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1
Q

who proposed retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting?

A
  • TULVING (1983)
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2
Q

what did TULVING propose in relation to retrieval failure? and what does it mean?

A
  • encoding specificity principle
  • if cues are to aid in learning, then they must be present at both the time of learning and encoding
  • if not present at retrieval, there will be some forgetting
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3
Q

what are 2 forms of forgetting, in relation to cues?

A
  • context-dependant forgetting

- state-dependant forgetting

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4
Q

describe the study involving context-dependant foregttng:

A
  • GODDEN and BADDELEY
  • divers were asked to learn words both on land and in water
  • then asked to recall the words both in the same context and different context
  • recall rates were 40% lower in non-matching conditions
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5
Q

describe the study involving state-dependant forgetting:

A
  • CARTER and CASSIDY
  • participants were asked to learn words both on anti-histamine drugs and when sober
  • then asked to recall the words both in the same state and different state
  • significantly lower recall rates when in non-matching states
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6
Q

EVALUATION

what does BADDELEY say? and how does this relate to retrieval failure?

A
  • argues that context-dependant effects are not strong
  • the study showed extreme context differences which are not present in actual life
  • limitation as it reduces the study and thus the theory’s application to real life
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7
Q

EVALUATION

what does GODDEN and BADDELEY do? and how does this relate to retrieval failure?

A
  • repeated their study with ‘recognition’ rather than ‘recall’ memory tests
  • found that there was no context-dependant forgetting
  • therefore an incomplete theory as it does not cover all forms of memory
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8
Q

EVALUATION

what does BADDELEY say? and how does this relate to retrieval failure?

A
  • suggests there are actual real-life applications for encoding specificity principle
  • basis for the cognitive interview which a main component is ‘reinstate the context’
  • strength as it applies to real-life cases that have proved successful
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