Unit II Terms

Question 1

Pueblo Revolt, 1680-1692

Answer 1

In what is present-day New Mexico, the Pueblo peoples, led by Popé, coordinated an uprising against the Spanish at dozens of settlements scattered across hundreds of miles. The Indians destroyed buildings and churches and killed more than 400 Spaniards. They burned Sante Fe and drove the Spanish back to El Paso. While the Pueblo Revolt was the most successful effort by American Indians to drive out European settlers from their lands, the Spanish were back in twelve years.

Question 2

Joint-stock Company

Answer 2

Developed in the 1500s, shareholders control part of the company in proportion to the number of shares they own. Advantage was limited liability, limited to the face value of their shareholding.

Question 3

Jamestown

Answer 3

Founded in 1607, nearly collapsed during the first few years, colonists not prepared to establish communities and sustain themselves. Did not find precious metals, nor did they plant crops before the winter. Many initial settlers perished during the “starving time”.

Question 4

Virginia Company

Answer 4

William Bradford and the leadership of the separatist community got permission from the English Kind to settle in the land granted to the Virginia Company.

Question 5

Tobacco

Answer 5

First unknown to Europe before discovery of the New World. With its addictive properties, it soon became extremely popular in Europe and hugely profitable for the Chesapeake Bay region. Facilitated development of slavery across the colonies.

Question 6

Powhatan Wars

Answer 6

3 wars, beginning 1610. Native Americans massacred settlements in fear of lack of resources. Tribe massacring towns.
Result: boundary drawn between English colonies of Virginia and Maryland and Native American tribes.

Question 7

House of Burgesses

Answer 7

The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative assembly in the colonies. It was part of the governing body of Virginia, consisting of 2 elected representatives from each county. The House of Burgesses established laws and taxation, initially meeting with the governor and council in a unicameral legislature, but eventually meeting separately as part of a bicameral system.

Question 8

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 8

Rebellion had huge consequences. Plantation owners decided that in order to prevent future rebellion, they must turn to slavery. Landowners were fed up with having to pay for the passages to the New World.

Question 9

Maryland

Answer 9

First proprietary colony established by England in North America. The crown was moving away from the model of granting charters to joint-stock companies. Lord Baltimore was the proprietor of the colony, a Catholic who hoped to create a refuge for Catholics in the New World. Died before it was founded, Protestants outnumbered Catholics, but there was a lot of toleration for it.

Question 10

Act of Religious Toleration

Answer 10

1649, the Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, was a law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians. It was passed on April 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland colony, in St. Mary’s City.

Question 11

John Calvin; Predistination

Answer 11

Puritans took their inspiration from Calvinism, which taught that an individual’s salvation was subject to divine plan, rather than to the actions of individuals. Must live lives of strict piety, framed by prayer, righteous living, and hard work.

Question 12

Plymouth and the Mayflower Compact

Answer 12

A group of Calvinists, called Pilgrims formed a joint-stock company to fund an expedition to Virginia that was approved by the English king in search of religious tolerance. They journeyed to Cape Cod in 1620 on the Mayflower and settled north of their desired location. They were the first New England Colony.

Signed the Mayflower Compact, an agreement calling for orderly government based on the consent of the governed.

Question 13

Puritans

Answer 13

Rejected by the Church of England. Believed all humans were sinner and only a selected few pre=selected to be saved by God – everyone is going to hell. Best chance of making it to heaven is for you and your community to conform to all the rules of the faith. Perfect community = best chance of salvation. Therefore, if one is not of the same faith, they are not accepted.

Question 14

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Answer 14

1620s, as the English King worked to rid England of Puritans, he granted an expedition to the Massachusetts Bay Company to settle in the Northern part of British North America. They landed in Salem and settled a successful colony in Massachusetts. Had a high degree of autonomy.

Question 15

John Winthrop

Answer 15

He was the leader of the Massachusetts Bay Company and a Puritan. He gave a sermon before they landed in Salem saying that they were “a city set upon a hill” and that “the eyes of all people are upon us.” This sermon well described the Puritans mission in new England.

Question 16

New England Demographics

Answer 16

The Massachusetts Bay Company was very successful and attracted 20,000 more settlers to come by 1640. These settlers were workers who were willing to work for success – farmers, carpenters, textile workers–, unlike the aristocratic men who settled in Jamestown. New England attracted families who wanted to build permanent, cohesive communities together. They were mostly Puritans.

Question 17

Roger Williams

Answer 17

A Puritan minister in Massachusetts who was worried about the mistreatment of the natives and the involvement of the church in the government. He fled to Rhode Island and formed the first colony that separated church and state in the government in 1636.

Question 18

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 18

She held meetings with men and women to discuss theology. She believed ministers weren’t needed to give the message of God, as true believers could receive it themselves. She and her family was banished by John Winthrop and the other Puritan leaders.

Question 19

“Praying Towns”

Answer 19

Natives who had converted to Christianity, called “praying Indians” treated as second class citizens by the settlers, but were given “Praying Towns” where the natives could live, but European beliefs and culture still tended to get forced on them.

Question 20

The Pequot War

Answer 20

Between 1634-1638, the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies work together with other native people to defeat the Pequots. This, with other battles, represented the last of a cohesive native presence in New England.

Question 21

King Phillip’s War

Answer 21

After years of peace, the Massachusetts colonists tried and killed three Wampanoags for killing a Christianised Wampanoag in the 1670s. This caused the Wampanoag chief stop their alliance (formed in 1621) and to attack a Massachusetts town. This led to brutal fighting between both sides until the Mohawks, a long time enemy of the Wampanoag, joined the European settlers and defeated the Wampanoags. Had the most casualties between the natives and the European settlers.

Question 22

The Half-Way Covenant

Answer 22

1662, New England Puritans established the Half-Way Covenant, an agreement extending partial church membership to church members’ children who had not yet experienced conversion. Solomon Stoddard, grandfather of religious leader Jonathan Edwards, was among the major proponents of the Covenant.

Question 23

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 23

In 1692 a cluster of accusations of witchcraft led to prosecution in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Cotton Mather encouraged the trials, and eventually eighteen men and women were found guilty and hanged. The extent of the 1692 incident is notorious, but accusations of witchcraft were not uncommon.

Question 24

Pennsylvania: William Penn

Answer 24

He was granted a huge plot of land in the New World by King Charles II to repay a debt owed to Penn’s father. William Penn was a devout Quaker and at odds with the Church of England. Pennsylvania was established in Penn’s land and attracted many Quakers out of England to the New World.

William Penn established friendly relationships with the natives, which was consistent with the Quakers view that everyone is equal.

Question 25

Pennsylvania: Quakers

Answer 25

Quakerism was the foundation of Pennsylvania. It was very non-hierarchical where everyone saw each other as equals in the eyes of God. They lacked the normal social interactions (bowing, only called each other friend, tipping their hats). They had meetings instead of sermons where anyone could talk. They practiced religious tolerance and disapproved of slavery, although they did not practice it in Pennsylvania.

Question 26

New York

Answer 26

Slavery played a key part in New York’s economy for tasks like sailing, domestic servants, longshoremen and artisan’s assistants. They had a greater slave population than North Carolina.

Question 27

New Jersey and Delaware

Answer 27

The Dutch:
New Jersey and Delaware were established by the Dutch, but when the land of the New Netherlands came under the British’s control, the Duke of York gave the land to two friends who established New Jersey. Delaware was also originally controlled by the Dutch, but was granted to William Penn by the Duke of York.

Political organisation:
New Jersey and Delaware were controlled by friends of the Duke of York. William Penn incorporated Delaware into Pennsylvania until they developed their own representative body and separated.

Question 28

Carolinas

Answer 28

“Rice, sugar, and indigo”
The lower South colonies focused on growing rice and indigo, which was different from the original sugar they tried to grow under the direction of settlers from Barbados. Rice and indigo made up a huge proportion of exports from the South. The most profitable of the British colonies was still Barbados and their sugar-growing.

Stono Rebellion in 1739, slave rebellion that caused the restriction of rights of slaves for literacy and education.

Question 29

Georgia

Answer 29

James Oglethorpe:
He was granted a charter by Britain in order to form a colony as a buffer between Spanish held Florida and the rest of the British colonies. He was a philanthropist and wanted to establish a paternalistic colony. He wanted to use Britain’s “deserving poor” like imprisoned debtors, to whom he granted no government representation. He would have forced the males into military service in order to protect the wealthy citizens from the Spanish in Florida, but when he arrived his plans failed as the people from South Carolina moved into Georgia and established a similar slave economy.

Question 30

Middle Passage

Answer 30

The middle passage was the journey from Europe to the New World in horrible, often deadly conditions after African slaves had been kidnapped and sold to Europeans.

Question 31

Mercantilism

Answer 31

Economic and political ideas which shaped colonial policy for the powers in the New World. Mercantilism is based on the idea that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world, making countries focus on gaining precious metals by trading with a colony. The colony then is expected to buy manufactured goods from the “mother country”