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From Flashcardlet > history quiz 3 > Flashcards

history quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

August 1837: queen of Britain & parti patriot (2)

A

1) queen Victoria just crowned

2) parti patriot didn’t agree that a young women had so much power and public role

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2
Q

1837: attitudes toward gender roles: men, women and public women (3)

A

1) men: public world
politics
work

2) women: private world
domestic
children

3) public women: bad connotation
prostitute
putting herself in the streets

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3
Q

REBELLIONS: historiography

Economic difficulties O(3) G(2)

A

1) Fernand Ouelet:
- crop failure
- famine-like circumstances
- not enough opportunities

2) Allan Greer:
- Quebec was a less suitable land
- Montreal was a more suitable land and still had more uprising

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4
Q

REBELLIONS: historiography

Ethnic tension O(2) G(2)

A

1) Ouelet:
- French & English division
- parti patriot encouraged habitants to believe English were responsible for everything

2) Greer:
- parti patriot was open to English
- anyone who accepted the principles of the parti could join it

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5
Q

REBELLIONS: historiography

Political ideas/goals O(2) G(2)

A

1) Ouelet:
- habitants were not educated
- therefore, don’t get the whole picture and its implications

2) Greer:
- Charivari illustrated the actions of habitants
- therefore, habitants did get it! they wanted a more democratic system, enacting democracy

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6
Q

Upper & Lower Canada Similarities in Rebellions 1837/38 (3)

A

British favoritism:

1) patronage
2) land
3) social hierarchy

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7
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s

Similarities between Canadas & Atlantic (3)

A

1) resources:
C- timber
A- timber & fish

2) political structure
C- councils: executive & legislative assembly
A- 1 council: advisory & legislative roles

3) metropolis: Britain

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8
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s

Differences between Canadas & Atlantic (4)

A

1) fewer economic opportunities & more limited
2) resources shipped to Britain
3) NFL extreme version of colonialism
4) land distribution:

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9
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s

Problems New Brunswick reserve lands for micmaq (3)

A

1) couldn’t hunt & gather
2) restricted
3) land never secured: vulnerable to squatters

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10
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s

Differences between Canadas & Atlantic: land distribution

A

A:

  • First nations
  • African-American refugees

C:
-patronage > govt positions

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11
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s
First Nations in the maritimes (1-3, 2-2)
provinces, problems

A

1) NB:
- reserved lands for micmaq
- never secure land: vulnerable to immigrants squatters farmers
- micmaq deprived from hunting & gathering

2) Nova Scotia
- not prepared to set reserved lands
- by mid 1800: small reserves set (32 acres/family)

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12
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s
Black Loyalists (5)
where, acres, problems, refuge, war 1812

A

1) 3500 Nova Scotia
2) given 12 acres of bad land (loyalist got 100-200)
3) suffered discrimination & frustration
4) 18?? offered to go to Sierra Leone , 1200 left
5) war 1812: given 50 acres in NB but no title of land, only license is occupation & 10 acres in NS

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13
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s
Prince Edward Island: Townships
who many & to whom

A

1) surveyed in 67 townships of 20,000 acres

2) each township given to landlords: in return would
- bring settlers (tenants farmers)
- pay annual rent to crown

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14
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS 1850s
Prince Edward Island
hierarchy, infrastructure, population, confederation (4)

A

1) hierarchical society: different American way
2) slow infrastructure due to insufficient funds
3) slow population development of tenant farmers because of absent landlords
4) 1873: PEI joined confederation

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15
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s
Maritime Colonies Characteristics
(4: farming, resources, economy, society)

A

1) lack of farming
2) resources: fish and timber (limited)
3) not much economic autonomy
4) marked social hierarchy

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16
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s
Maritime Colonies: Hierarchy
(3:who)

A

1) colonial officials
2) merchants
3) settlers

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17
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s

Maritime Colonies: Hierarchy–> merchants (5: intnl trade, power, exploitation of & why, tariffs)

A

1) political and economical power
2) international trade to Britain
3) exploitation of fish, timber & shipbuilding
4) why exploitation? because it was highly seek after the block of the Baltics
5) preferential tariffs: incentive for merchant class to have them investing & financing the timber industry

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18
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s

Maritime Colonies: Hierarchy–> settlers (5: majority, type, 2main concepts, fishery)

A

1) often squatters
2) subsistence farmers: only 1/3 could support themselves year-around
3) occupational pluralism
4) truck system
5) fishery: merchants provided necessary tools on rent

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19
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s
Maritime Colonies: Free Trade
(4: start-year&country, NB respond, American problem&consequences, NB actions)

A

1) 1840s established by English
2) late 1840s: St. John’s merchants responded by working at local level –> got colonial govt to lower tariffs on imports they needed to build ships & log timber
3) US American cheap goods: not developing a local manufacturing base & retarded economic development in NB
4) NB had to lower their prices to compete in the new marked & keep trading with Britain

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20
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s

Maritime Colonies: Mercantilism (1: end of it)

A

1) 1840s end of mercantilism

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21
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s

Maritime Colonies: Free Trade–>Steel ships (2: when, NB problem)

A

1) 1860s/1870s

2) NB not prepared for the new shipbuilding technology

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22
Q

ATLANTIC REGIONS TO THE 1850s
Maritime Colonies: Why Britain established Free Trade?
(2: mercantilism, independence of colonies)

A

1) mercantilism no longer valid not useful for Britain: imposed a limited supply
2) wanted to loose ties to colonies so they would develop independence since protecting them was expensive

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23
Q

ATLANTIC REGION TO THE 1850s
Newfoundland: characteristics
(4: power-which class-, type territory&when a colony, dominated by-gender-, Treaty of Utrecht)

A

1) power of merchants
2) fishing territory: not declared a colony until 1824
3) male dominated area
4) gave to Britain under Treaty if Utrecht 1713

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24
Q

ATLANTIC REGION TO THE 1850s
Newfoundland: late 18th century fishing
(4: Transition, American independence, napoleonic wars, after 1850)

A

1) transition from migratory (early spring & summer) to sedentary (settle & fish permanently) fishing
2) Mercantilism: after American are kept from trading (independence), NFL opportunity to trade with West Indies
3) Napoleonic Wars: disadvantage for migratory fishing investors
4) after 1850: sedentary fishing replaced migratory fishing

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25
Q

ATLANTIC REGION TO THE 1850s
Newfoundland: Britain uses
(5: treaty of Utrecht, south shore, naval commander, naval force, 1824)

A

1) Treaty if Utrecht: NFL to British
2) Britain encourages Irish immigrants to south shore to secure land
3) 1730s naval commander: “governor” accompanying migratory fishing on seasonal basis
4) training ground for naval force
5) 1824: NFL becomes a colony and gets a representative govt.

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26
Q

ATLANTIC REGION TO THE 1850s
Newfoundland: Beothuk characteristic
(3: pop at contact, type&hunting what, generalist)

A

1) population at contact: ~1100 (small populations)
2) nomadic hunters: fish, birds, caribou, beaver
3) generalists: simplified ecosystem

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27
Q

ATLANTIC REGION TO THE 1850s
Newfoundland: Beothuk & English
(3: British purposes, conflict 1, conflict 2, population levels)

A

1) British didn’t need then for military nor fishing purposes
2) conflict 1: engaged in trade without direct contact: took items left by English after migratory fishery
3) conflict 2: English moving towards Notre Dame Bay & hunting inland for fur

4) consequence to population levels: (early c.19th)
- pushed from coastland,
- reduced access to hunting
- mal nutrition
- diseases

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28
Q

ATLANTIC REGION TO THE 1850s

Newfoundland: Beothuk Populations (1500, 1750, 1829, 1830)

A

1) 1500: 1100
2) 1750: 500
3) 1829: dies last Beothuk
4) 1830: extinguished

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29
Q

NORTHWEST

49th parallel

A

1) 1818: Anglo-American Convention established 49th parallel up to Rocky Mountains

30
Q

NORTHWEST
Pre-fur trade Characteristics
(2: reciprocity, environment balance)

A

1) reciprocity:
- shared resources
- allowed other groups to hunt inside boundaries

2) kept balance of environment: didn’t rely on 1 only specie, ranging seasonally

31
Q

NORTHWEST

Fur trade aboriginal groups

A

1) Ojibwa
2) Cree
3) Chipewyan
4) Blackfoot
5) Assuniboine

32
Q

NORTHWEST
Aboriginal groups fur trade characteristics
(3: size, basis, traded for what&why)

A

1) small grouping
2) seasonal basis
3) traded with Europeans for arms to get advantages over other groups

33
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade companies
(2: names)

A

1) Hudson Bay Company

2) Northwest Company

34
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Hudson Bay Company
(7: years, charter, headquarters, structure, posts, aboriginal traders, middle men)

A

1) 1670-1770s
2) charter granted by crown
3) headquarters in London: board of Directors
4) rigid hierarchy: authoritarian & centralized
5) trading posts round Hudson Bay (not inland)
6) traded with Cree & Chipewyan
7) system of middle men: Cree & Assiniboine

35
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Northwest Company
(7: year, headquarters, structure-partners-, expansion, engages, FN contact, meeting point)

A

1) 1780s
2) headquarters in Montreal: directors

3) not as rigidly as HBC: 2 sets of partners
- Montreal partners:invested->+profit
- wintering partners: trading posts in interior

4) actively in interior, devoted to expand into the country
5) engages: aboriginal & indenture French Canadian
6) direct contact with FN: social bond through marriages

7) meeting point: fort William
- Montreal directors brought manufactured goods
- natives brought pelts

36
Q

NORTHWEST

Trade Companies: NWC social bond with FN–> marriage perspectives

A

1) Europeans
- kinship
- network
- bonds of trust

2) FN
- traditional way of forging trusts

37
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Middle men role
(5)

A

1) guides
2) interpreters
3) trappers
4) prepare pelts
5) transport goods

38
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Manufactured goods–> women role
(3)

A

1) clothes: leather, moccasins..
2) transportation: canoes, snowshoes..
3) food: pemmican

39
Q

NORTHWEST

Trade Companies: Manufactured good–> Pemmican (4: what, equivalence, HBC inland suppliers, NWC FN suppliers)

A

1) dries buffalo meat, berries & grease
2) 1kg pemmican= 3kg fresh meat

3) when HBC moved inland, no need for middlemen but providers of pemmican
- Cree
- Assiniboine

4) NWC
- Ojibwa
- Metis

40
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Rivalry consequences–> Vicious Cycle!!!
(4: 3 cycle terms, problems between tribes)

A

1) specialization
2) dependency on trade goods: technological replacement
3) over hunting
4) violence & competition among tribes: no longer willing to share hunting territory

41
Q

NORTHWEST

Trade Companies: advantage for FN of rivalry (1)

A

1) natives could choose between companies

42
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Marriage policies
(2)

A

1) HBC: no marriages

2) NWC: encouraged to marry natives & Metis

43
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Differences profit
(2: 1809, cheap)

A

1) 1809: NWC more profitable

2) HBC: major cheap supply

44
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Lord Selkirk
(3: who, agricultural settlers-why-, 1812)

A

1) director of HBC
2) decided to bring agricultural settlers to help HBC become less dependent on European goods
3) 1812: Selkirk colony

45
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Pemmican Proclamation
(4: when, goal, what, violence-why-)

A

1) 1814
2) goal: keep buffalo near settlement
3) no pemmican produced in Selkirk colony could be taken outside the colony
4) violence: most pemmican produced by Metis for NWC

46
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Battle of the Seven Oak
(6: when, what, HBC action, end result, HBC perspective, subsequent years)

A

1) 1816
2) métis decided to take pemmican out of the colony
3) HBC mobilized to stop them
4) end result: Metis won, shooting on horseback riding
5) HBC perspective: massacre by savages
6) subsequent years: chaos & conflict

47
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Merge of the companies
(9: when, what now, majority, goal, Montreal, headquarters, name&why, beneficial, disadvantaged)

A

1) 1821
2) monopoly
3) majority company :had more directors from NWC
4) goal: ensure profit
5) Montreal: trade largely came to end
6) headquarters: London
7) name: HBC because of route for supply
8) beneficial: companies
9) disadvantaged: natives

48
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Merge of Companies–> effects of monopoly
(5: laid off numbers, away, stayed, aboriginal suffered-choice, Ojibwa, Cree&Assin., 1870s)

A

1) laid off employees
- 1821: 1983
- 1825: 827

2) many employees went back to England & Montreal
3) others established @ red river, merging with Metis

4) aboriginal groups
- no choice anymore
- Ojibwa suffered hunger & deprivation
- Cree & Assiniboine moved to plains to keep providing pemmican

5) 1870s: buffalo depleted (ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF NORTHWEST FUR TRADE)

49
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Metis
(5: providers, activities, where, origins, Languages)

A

1) pemmican providers–> buffalo hunters
2) labour force, farmers
3) based on Red River
4) origin: French or Scottish + Cree or Ojibwa
5) language: michif & bungi

50
Q

NORTHWEST

Trade Companies: Metis & Ref River Resistance

A

1) 1869
2) leader: Louis Royal
3) canada buys HBC land–> fear of losing life & culture
4) claims: right of lands

51
Q

NORTHWEST
Trade Companies: Metis & nationalism
(5: Metis in HBC hierarchy, discrimination type, 1849, result of trial, 1870)

A

1) HBC didn’t allow métis to upscale in the company
2) ethnic discrimination
3) 1849: sayer trial by HBC claimed that Metis shouldn’t trade with Americans
4) result trial: Metis win right to free trade

5) 1870: Manitoba act
- 1.4 million acres for Metis but
- govt. didn’t keep agreement

52
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Pre-contact Characteristics
(4: linguistic families, resources, population, groups)

A

1) 7 linguistic families
2) resources: salmon fish abundant
3) populations: dense due to the availability of resources

4) groups:
- interior
- coastal

53
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Pre-contact: Interior Groups
(3: access, population, mobility)

A

1) no access
2) slimmer populations
3) more nomadic ( like Algonquin)

54
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Pre-contact: Coastal Groups
(6: population, mobility, trade, resources, structure-3-, reciprocity)

A

1) denser populations
2) sedentary & seasonal mobility
3) trade: with inland groups

4) rich resources:
- grease trade
- cedar trees
- fish

5) hierarchical structure
a) noble families
b) commoners
c) slaves

6) reciprocity–> potlatch

55
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Pre-contact: Coastal Groups–> POTLATCH
(3: what, purpose, opportunity to)

A

1) redistribution of wealth
2) purpose: gain status
3) opportunity to convey history of community

56
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Fur Trade–> beginning

(3: early explorations, 1780s-1820s-based,specie,season,trade with-, repercussions for natives-2-)

A

1) early explorations:
- Spanish
- Russian

2) 1780s - 1820s–>sea based fur trade
- sea otter nearly extinguished
- summer based
- trade with natives

3) repercussions for natives
- diseases
- interruption of balance between classes& villages

57
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Fur Trade–> 1793
(2: who, what)

A

1) Alexander Mackenzie

2) 1st European guides all across the country to the pacific

58
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Fur Trade–> 1805-1808

(3: who, what, didn’t reach)

A

1) Simon Fraser
2) Guided to the Fraser river
3) didn’t reach open ocean

59
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Fur Trade–> 1810-1811
(3: who, what port, what river)

A

1) David Thompson
2) Port Astoria: American trading post
3) Columbia river: entrance inland

60
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
Fur Trade–> forts
(4: what, goal, aboriginal communities, effect in aboriginals)

A

1) fur-trade fortified fort
2) goal: economic opportunities (not land!)
3) Aboriginal communities: permanence presence
4) impact in aboriginals: diseases ⬆ as contact ⬆

61
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: why?
(2)

A

1) protect land

2) gold rush

62
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: Land Protection & Oregon Treaty

(6: when, what, who, causes, consequences-year&what-, goal of Vancouver Island settlement-2-)

A

1) 1846
2) negotiation treaty to define new boundaries line extending 49th parallel
3) between British & Americans
4) causes: American expansion, but negotiation instead if war
5) consequences: 1849 Britain established a settlement in Vancouver island administrated by HBC

6) goal of Vancouver Island settlement: protect resources
- fur trade
- coal

63
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: Order Land Protection
(5: 1846, 1849-what, who& results-, 1855 pop, 1858, 1859)

A

1) Oregon treaty 1846

2) Vancouver Island 1849
- HBC administrator
- selling land
- not successful

3) 1855 population: 750
4) 1858: BC Crown Colony

5) 1859: HBC no longer administrator
- Vancouver Island Crown Colony

64
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: Gold Rush characteristics
(4: gold discovered, gold rush year, fort Victoria, consequences-name war, 3 conseq-)

A

1) 1857 gold discovered by coastal Salish people & traded with HBC
2) 1858 gold rush
3) fort Victoria: 30,000 in search for gold

4) consequences:
- Fraser River War
- violence amongst groups
- renaming lands
- destruction of landscape, resources & aboriginal sacred sites

65
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: gold rush & governor Douglas
(6: 1858 what, purpose, 1866, cause, government structure, confederation year)

A

1) 1858 declares Mainland a British Colony
2) purpose: impose control & order
3) 1866 joins 2 colonies–> British Columbia
4) causes: two expensive separate

5) government structure
a) 1 set administrators
B) 1 governor
C) centre would be Victoria

6) 1871 BC joined Confederation

66
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: repercussions of colonization & mining for Natives

(5: Causes-2: why land, royal proclamation-
Attitudes-3-,
Land occupation Vancouver Island- 3: 2 reserves names, %-,
BC treaties,
Indian Act 1876, -5: year, what, goal, examples, 1920s-)

A

1) Causes:
- Economic activities for development required land
- Royal Proclamation: Aboriginal Title didn’t apply in BC

2) attitudes of Non-Aboriginal
- racism
- assimilation
- potlatch attacked (1884 banned)

3) land occupation oF Vancouver Island
- Douglas reserves (14 treaties)
- Trutch reserves tiny
- 3% of Vancouver island for aboriginal use

4) no treaties in BC!!

5) Indian Act
- 1876
- govt control of FN
- goal: assimilation
- examples: catholic residential schools, elections, gender rules
- 1920s illegal for FN to hire lawyers

67
Q

PACIFIC REGION/ BC
COLONIZATION: Douglas & Trutch
(4: 1864 what, land commissioner, what 1, what 2)

A

1) 1864 Governor Douglas retired
2) Land commissioner: Joseph Trutch
3) reduced size of reserves
4) reserves had no independent control

68
Q 
BNA MID CENTURY
BNA in 1840s
(3: Lord Durham-what-,
1839 report- what-,
1840-what-)
A

1) Lord Durham sent to investigate what went wrong with the Rebellions

2) 1839 Report: reforms needed to be implemented
- responsible government through union of 2 colonies to make British majority

3) 1840: Act of Union

69
Q 
BNA MID CENTURY
BNA in 1840s: Act of Union 1840
(5: year implemented,
Vote, 
Goal of terms,
Terms- 6: representation, language, debt, qualification, loans, executive council-)
A

1) implemented in 1841
2) Upper Canada to vote
3) terms goal:supposed to appeal British economy class of UP & merchant class

4) terms
- equal representation in legislative assembly
- English official language
- debt of 2 colonies combined –> UP 1.2 million, LC 95,000
- property qualification for members of legislative assembly
- Britain promised loans for canals
- governor would appoint members of legislative assembly to executive council

5) result: UP consented

70
Q

BNA MID CENTURY
BNA in 1840s–> The Canadas
(4: legislative assembly seats, new names-2-, population-2: English in LC-, goal of union of English population-)

A

1) legislative assembly: 84 seats–> 42/42

2) renamed:
- UP–> west Canada
- LC–> east Canada

3) population:
- UP–> 48,000
- LC–> 670, 000 (150,000 English)

4) result of union of populations: marginalization of French

From Flashcardlet (13 decks)

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