Transnational Governance

Question 1

What was the difference between Paris and Kyoto?

Answer 1

• Movement away from a blanket, single emission target to a more pledge and review purgative to be reviewed every 5 years

Question 2

What is in entailed in the shift from international policy to governance?

Answer 2

• Government to governance
• Multiple actors beyond the state are invovled
• New characteristics: adaptive, participatory, cooperative, multi-scalar

Question 3

Definition of transnational climate change governance?

Answer 3

“When networks operating in the transitional sphere authoritatively steer constitutes towards public goals” (Andonova et al., 2009)

Question 4

What is Polycentrism?

Answer 4

• Multiple, formally independent centres of decision making authority that operate at multiple scales (Cole, 2011)
• Views decentralisation as positive with organizations operating at local scales with some degree of coordination (Abbott, 2011)

Question 5

What are the drivers of Transnational Climate Change governance?

Answer 5

• Nature of CC creates political space for diverse actors in governance
• Set within broader context of neoliberalisation and globalization
• First wave led by public sector organisations
  
  • Post Copenhagen emergence of private sector

Question 6

What phrase by the Japanese Submission for 2006 COP exemplifies transnational climate change governance?

Answer 6

“Shouldn’t we be a little more humble to the awesome might of nature and human action and start exploring many more tools and strategies on top of the Kyoto’s tool box”

Question 7

Mechansims of TCCG arrangements?

Answer 7

• Urban laboratory – ide that particular that part of city will implement particular projects around climate change initiatives
  
  • What works gets exported to other cities
  • Twinning of cities acts as transnational governance at the local level
• Capacity building – strength, skills and resources that organisation need to adapt and develop, e.g. investment in green economy

Question 8

Geographies of TCCG?

Answer 8

• Not a global phenomenon but has its own distinct geographies
• Developed in Global North but implemented in the South
  
  • Carbon colonialism

Question 9

What is a regime complex?

Answer 9

• Varied interest in Climate Change means that politics tend to form a regime complex rather than an integratd regime
  
  • More effective than a single integrated instrument
  • Creates more flexibility and adaptability
  • Positive feeback –> incentives a ‘race to the top’
• UNFCC playing umbrella role to provide legal framework for legal setting, informationa and forum for negotiations

Keohane and Victor, 2011

Question 10

What are the three types of TCCG approaches?

Answer 10

1. Public
2. Hybrid
3. Private and self-regulation

Question 11

What are the characteristics of public transnational governance?

Answer 11

• Network of public actors
• Information sharing
  
  • Municipal –> urban labs
• Implementation and capacity building
• Regulatory functions
  
  • Voluntary standard setting
  • Compliance achieved both as a result of recognition and through processes of peer pressure and competition

Question 12

What is the Cities for Climate Protection and what type of TNCCG arrangement is it?

Answer 12

Hoffman, 2011

Public

• Coordinates actions of hundreds of municipalities that pledge to work toward climate change mitigation through a common plan
• Network represents 15% of global carbon dioxide emissions
• Created own arena through development of norms and rules for compliance within goals and targets of the network

Question 13

What actors are involved in hybrid transnational governance?

Answer 13

• Public and private spheres
• Public-private partnerships
• Bottom up approach

Question 14

What is REEEP and what type of TNCCG arrangement is it?

Answer 14

Hybrid

• Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership
• Arrangement of governments, international organisations, civil society, acadmeics, private sector, NGOs
• Mission to accelerate global market for sustainable energy by acting as an enabler for transofrming developing countries energy systems
  
  • Addressing developing ctounries are on a path to carbon intense development –> sysstemic climate issues of traditional development
• Between 2002-2012: supported 154 clean energy projects in 57 countries

Question 15

What is SMART 2020 by the Climate Group and what type of TCCG arrangement is it?

Answer 15

Hybrid

• Look to demonstrate role of ICT sector in mitigating climate change through:
  
  • Smart motor systems
  • Smart logistics
  • Smart buildings
  • Smart grids
• Aim to drive efficiency across global economy of cities and deliver emissions savings fo 15% of global business-as-usual (BAU) emissions in 2020

Question 16

What is the Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance and what type of TCCG arrangment is it?

Answer 16

Private

• Includes corporations such as BP and Intel as well as other NGOS
• Established a standard for land management projects that address climate change, social goals and biodiversity conservation
• 80 projects given validation since release of standards in 2005
• Also involved with implementation and capacity building through enabling action on elements of international climate policy, such as REDD+

Hoffman, 2011

Question 17

What is 2Degrees and what type of TCCG arrangment is it?

Answer 17

Private

• Mission for sustainable business to happen at scale
• 50,000 sustainable business professionals from 190 countries connecting, sharing and collaborating to achieve sustainability
• Online community with big suppliers and stakeholders to reduce environmental impact
  
  • Used by Tesco, GSK and Kingfisher

Hoffman, 2011

Question 18

What is Edenbee and what type of TCCG arrangement is it?

Answer 18

Private

• Web-based social network (a la Facebook) designed to encourage users to reduce carbon footprints
• More on an individual basis but network creates possibility for scaled reduction of carbon footprints

Hoffman, 2011

Question 19

What are the critiques of TCCG?

Answer 19

• Efficacy
• Transparency
• Accountability
• Equity
• Scale is still international and underlying ontology remains essentially top down and state centric (Jordan et al., 2015)

Question 20

For Foucault how does an apparatus emerge in a dispositif?

Answer 20

Apparatuses emerge in relation to a problem; their elements have no common dimension other than urgency to which to respond

Braun (2014)

Question 21

How do governments exist in a dispositif?

Answer 21

• Government exists as a shifting and uneven diagram of power
• Comes into being as an afterthought

Braun (2014)

Question 22

How does an exhibition in MOMA aim to address climate change?

Answer 22

• Rising Current exhibition in MOMA makes no attempts to reduce emissions but seek to manage risks by resulting failure to do so – construction of landscapes designed to field extreme or unexpected events

Braun (2014)

Question 23

What is the merit of the dispositif?

Answer 23

Enables us to grasp various forms of government and the ad hoc nature of knowledges, practices and institutes stitched together into a heterogeneous totality

Braun (2014)

Question 24

What is the political task of the dispositif?

Answer 24

• To shift mind-set of sustaining a political-economic system that generates the very problems it purports to solve
• Shift to a politics of mitigation and adaption that is rooted in the lives and communities we live with the refusal of separation of being from action

​Braun (2014)