Exam 1: Modules

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

decreas in size due to loss of nerbe innervation or use

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

cell gets larger and is remodeled

Question 3

metaplasia

Answer 3

reversible and a result of inflammation; change form to adapt and survive

Question 4

dysplasia

Answer 4

abnormal, deranged cell growth varying in size shape and organization (precursor to cancer)

Question 5

causes of cell injury

Answer 5

phsyical agents (hypozia/extremes in temp/electricity), radiation, chemicals, biological agents, nutrtional imbalances

Question 6

glycolysis

Answer 6

the process of turning food into energy

done in ten enzymatic reactions

Question 7

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 7

mitochondria uses oxygen to make ATP

Question 8

without ATP –> rest of the cells will not function

Answer 8

hypoxia causes this

Question 9

WIthout atp NA K pump will not work

Answer 9

sodium is retained causing swelling, rough er swells and stop making proteins….switches to anaerobic

Question 10

What happens in anaerobic

Answer 10

lactic acid (decrease ph, destroy)

Question 11

WIthout atp calcium pump will not work

Answer 11

calcium retained… can release protease which damages proteins (membrane proteins aka transporters) and cytoskeletin and nuclease which destroys nucleus and dna.

calcium can get into mitochondria, creating permeability, and leakage of Cytochrome C…a red flag and creates apoptosys

Question 12

As the cell becomes acidic

Answer 12

phospholipids are released and destroy cell membrane

Question 13

A free radical is an uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired ____

Answer 13

electron

Question 14

examples of antioxidants are

Answer 14

adek, superoxide, selenium, and beta carotene

Question 15

Free radicals can be blocked by antioxidants or broken down by

Answer 15

enzymes (an example catalase contained in peroxisomes)

Question 16

electrons from two separate molecules can create a ____ bond

Answer 16

chemical bond

Question 17

if an electron is knocked out of place, the chemical bond becomes unstable and are called____ _____

Answer 17

free radicals

Question 18

antioxidants fix the problem by

Answer 18

offering an electron

Question 19

Programmed cell death aka ____

Answer 19

apoptosis is a normal process

Question 20

the goal of ____ is to remove cells that are being replaced or have worn out or aged

Answer 20

apoptosis (controls tissue regeneration and removes unwanted tissue)

Question 21

What are the steps of apoptosis?

Answer 21

1) cell turns on enzymes (caspases) to shrink cell

2) circulating white blood cells destroy cell

Question 22

____ is the premature cell death caused by injury

Answer 22

necrosis

Question 23

In ______ cell swell and ruptures resulting in inflammation

Answer 23

necrosis

Question 24

____ occurs when catalytic enzymes continue to have an effect and soft liquidliek exudate produced

Answer 24

liquefaction

Question 25

____ ____ results from hypoxic injury. The acidity of cell drops (acidosis through hypoxia —o2 decrease leads to pyruvic acid to lactic acidosis). MI

Answer 25

coagulative necrosis (heart attack from coagulated blood aka clot)

Question 26

____ means a lack of blood supply aka ____

Answer 26

infarction/ischemia

the tissue injury is conical in shape extending outfrom the branches

Question 27

caseous necrosis is considered a subset of coagulation.. it is soft and cheese like

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Thigh pressure used to cpmpare excessively high pressure.

Answer 28

thigh pressure is jhigher than in the arm usually.