Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

in the lymphatic system, what are the vessels called?

Answer 1

lymphatic vessels

Question 2

what is the fluid called that circulates the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 2

lymph

Question 3

state some functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 3

drains excess interstitial fluid,
transports dietary lipids
carries out immune response

Question 4

what are the two primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 4

red bone marrow and thymus

Question 5

what are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 5

lymph nodes, the spleen and lymphatic nodules

Question 6

how many lymph nodes are found are the body?

Answer 6

around 600

Question 7

where can lymph nodes often be found?

Answer 7

near mammary glands, the axilla and groin

Question 8

what are the two types of immunity?

Answer 8

innate immuntiy (1st and 2nd line of defence)
adaptive (acquired) immunity

Question 9

explain innate immunity

Answer 9

provided by the external physical and chemical barriers offered by the skin and mucous membranes, including: epidermis, cilia, saliva

Question 10

name the innate immunity internal defences

Answer 10

antimicrobial substances (substances which discourage bacteria growth), natural killer cells and phagocytes, inflammation and fever

Question 11

name the cells of the immune system

Answer 11

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

t-cells, b-cells, natural killer cells, macrophages

Question 12

explain what natural killer cells are and what they do?

Answer 12

5-10% of lymphocytes are NK cells.

They kill tumour cells and any cells that display abnormalities

Question 13

explain what phagocytes are and what they do?

Answer 13

specialised cells that perform phagocytosis (cell-eating)

Question 14

explain what macrophages and neutrophils are?

Answer 14

two types of phagocytes

Question 15

explain phagocytosis

Answer 15

the pathogen interacts with the phagocyte receptors (binds with them)
the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen
this forms a phagosome
the phagosome forms with lysosome to make phagolysosome
enzymes digest the ingested pathogen
the phagocyte discards the waste materials

Question 16

explain adaptive (acquired) immunity

Answer 16

offers a defence to specific to organism and foreign materials (‘non-self’)
provides a memory for most previously encountered antigens
involves lymphocytes called b-cells and t-cells

Question 17

what stops the lymph from going backwards in the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 17

valves

Question 18

what helps the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels?

Answer 18

smooth muscle contracts, skeletal muscles

Question 19

where are b-cells produced?

Answer 19

in the bone marrow

Question 20

where are t-cells matured?

Answer 20

thymus

Question 21

when do B-cells respond?

Answer 21

when pathogens are outside of the cell

Question 22

when do t-cells respond?

Answer 22

they respond in the cell-mediated response when the pathogens are inside of the cell